• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2015

This research was conducted to establish efficient methods to overcome high temperature and low humidity with light selective shading agent and two-fluid fogging system in greenhouses in hot season. There were four experimental treatments; not treated (Non), fogging by two-fluid fogging system (Fog), spraying onto the greenhouse surface with shading coating agent (Coat), and using fogging and coating together (F&C). The amount of solar radiation entered into the greenhouses was higher in Non, and then Fog, Coat, and F&C in descending order. Fog was more efficient to lower the air temperature and also raise relative humidity than Coat treatment. The crop temperature was about $6^{\circ}C$ higher in Control than the other treatments. F&C revealed as the most efficient method to control the environment inside the greenhouse, but fogging system seemed to be more economic. In stand-alone greenhouses spraying coating agent may be the appropriate choice because of their structural limitations, mainly eave height.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.328-338
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• 2018

Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) is a hot and arid continental climate, with most areas (68%) consisting of barren vegetation, desert, and meadows. The main agricultural areas for crop production include irrigated farmland, non-irrigated farmland, grassland, prairie and mountain. We are experiencing climate change with recent climate variability increasing. Agriculture is one of major economic sectors and provides a means of livings for the rural population of Central Asia, especially the poor. In the past two decades, Central Asia has experienced a high population growth rate, with Kazakhstan at 16.8%, Uzbekistan at 34.5% and Kyrgyzstan at 28.4%. As a major industry, Kazakhstan has the largest share of exports of agricultural products followed by petroleum, mineral resources, steel, and chemicals. Uzbekistan is the fifth largest cotton exporter as well as the sixth largest cotton producer in the world. Kyrgyzstan exports ores, stones, cultured pearls, and minerals. These three countries are rich in mineral resources, agricultural products, and energy resources. However, not only do they have difficulties in economic development due to the weakness of logistics and industrial infrastructure, but they also have imperceptible cooperation and investment among countries due to insufficient research and development. Through this study, we will investigate national outlook, economic indicators, major agricultural products, import and export status, and agricultural technology cooperation status, and study how Korean agricultural industry advances into these countries through SWOT analysis. Through this, we hope to contribute to the basic data of Central Asian studies and cooperation and investment in agriculture in each country. In addition, in order to increase cooperative exchange and investment in these countries, we will prepare a Central Asia logistics hub for the rapidly changing interKorean railroad era.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was first introduced sixty years ago in the academic field. However, the phrase CSR was not explicitly stated before the 1990s in Korean business and academic researches. Recently CSR is more considered a corporate strategy than a philanthropic donation. CSR comprises contributions to local communities as well as using environmentally beneficial and humane practices. Sponsoring is one available marketing tactic used in order to communicate with the market. This study of sponsorship has concentrated on developing brand asset by accessing potential values of sporting events or star-players. However, sponsorship includes providing funds or goods to non-profit institutions as well as sports or entertainment organizations. Accordingly corporate community-specific sponsorship is defined as firms offering to provide money, goods and/or services to individuals and/or institutions within a particular community, thus establishing an interdependent relationship between the partners aspiring to gain social and economic assets. National sponsorship is typically targeted toward commonly recognized individuals and/or organizations with the intent to maximize exposure of a sponsor's brand, and is known to positively affect brand equity(community-specific sponsorship is committed to a limited local area) that a firm could benefit from by gaining a specific asset. POSCO sponsors the Jukdo Market, locate dinthe city of Pohang, tohelp revive their traditional market. Inreturn, the Jukdo Market merchant suni on display sflags with the POSCO embleminfrontof stores with in the market intending to make shopper sand merchant saware of POSCO's sponsorship. POSCO has succeeded in acquiring public support from the citizens of Pohang. However, the economic effects resulting from the cooperative relationship between POSCO and the Jukdo Market have yet to be measured by any empirical research. The purpose of this study is to assess the economic effects created by the community-specific sponsorship from the groups of merchants and shoppers, measuring its influence on the corporate image and subsequent brand loyalty, as parts of brand equity. The result of the study shows that the community-specific sponsorship of POSCO of the Jukdo Market had different influences on its corporate image and the brand loyalty of shoppers and merchants. First, the merchant group who was more frequently exposed to POSCO's flag recognized the sponsorship of POSCO more than the shopper group, and, therefore, had a better image of the company. Second, the recognition of POSCO's sponsorship had a positive influence on its corporate image, and that positive corporate image had a positive effect on brand loyalty development. However, the recognition of the sponsorship did not have a direct influence on brand loyalty. The friendly corporate image developed by the recognition of the sponsorship consequently could have had an effect on brand loyalty. Therefore, companies should not relinquish investments to corporate image development if they require more brand loyalty. Third, the influence of corporate image on brand loyalty shows stronger results in the shopper group rather than in the merchant group. Psycho-graphic factors of shoppers and merchants might give rise to the difference between the two groups.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2016

Value of excellent breeding animals is important in livestock industry, but their economic life time is limited. And, many countries have been trying procuration of genetic resource in good animals. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine embryo production and to test efficiency of embryo transfer via non-surgical artificial insemination (AI) in different breed of superior sows. A total of 17 sows were used in this experiment (Duroc, n=10; Landrace, n=4; Yorkshire, n=3). The sows were artificially inseminated by semen of same breed boars. After 4 or 5 days following the AI, the embryos were obtained from the sows and then transferred to Landrace and Yorkshire recipients (n=3, respectively) by non-surgical method. The corpora lutea tended to be increased in Yorkshire and Landrace than Duroc(28 and 26 vs. 17, respectively). The recovery of embryo was 78.8% in Landrace, 65.4% in Duroc and 51.4% in Yorkshire. Duroc showed lower morulaes and early blastocyst embryos than 2, 4, 8 and 16 cell. The morula in Yorkshire was higher (P<0.05) than that of Duroc (4.7 vs. 3.4). Similarly, the morulaes and early blastocyst embryos presented greater (P<0.05) in Landrace compared with other breed sows. The recipient sows were pregnant in a Landrace only. This reason may be due to little embryos inserted in the recipients. In addition, pregnancy results were limited because of the little sows. In conclusion, ovulated ovum in sows can be affected by different breed. Also, further study needed pregnant test by using the many embryo in each breed.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.659-675
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• 2015

This study explores the status, characteristics and problems of urban-to-rural migration policy in Gyeongbuk Province, and suggests some improvements based on this analysis. Gyeongbuk Province enacted local ordinances related to urban-to-rural migration for the first time in Korea, and has expanded the area of its own projects in addition to the central government's support projects. Consequently, the degree of satisfaction for the support projects in Gyeongbuk Province is higher than in other provinces. Problems of the support projects for urban-to-rural migration are the lack of role sharing between central and lower level local government, and the lack of connectivity among the relevant departments; the non-reflection of regional characteristics and attributes of urban-to-rural migrants (household); and the insufficient satisfaction of policy demands by non-agricultural urban-to-rural migrants. Improvements for these problems include establishing governance that involves urban-to-rural migrants in addition to the existing policy actors, and institutionalizing the project to properly embed this governance in the region. In addition to economic and physical support, diverse programs based on the adaptive cycle, 'non-agricultural rural jobs' for nonagricultural urban-to-rural migrants, and support programs for professional competency enhancement contributing to rural communities should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-53
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• 2007

In a seminal judgment of November 2002 (Case C-476/98) relating to the compatibility with Community laws of the 'nationality clause' in the 1996 amending protocol to the 1955 U.S.-German Air Services Agreement, the European Court of Justice(ECJ) decided that the provision constituted a measure of an intrinsically discriminatory nature and was thus contrary to the principle of national treatment established under Art. 52 of the EC Treaty. The Court, rejecting bluntly the German government' submissions relying on public policy grounds(Art. 56, EC Treaty), seemed content to declare and rule that the protocol provision requiring a contracting state party to ensure substantial ownership and effective control by its nationals of its designated airlines had violated the requirement of national treatment reserved for other Community Members under the salient Treaty provision. The German counterclaims against the Commission, although tantalizing not only from the perusal of the judgment but from the perspective of international air law, were nonetheless invariably correct and to the point. For such a clause has been justified to defend the 'fundamental interests of society from a serious threat' that may result from granting operating licenses or necessary technical authorizations to an airline company of a third country. Indeed, the nationality clause has been inserted in most of the liberal bilaterals to allow the parties to enforce their own national laws and regulations governing aviation safety and security. Such a clause is not targeted as a device for discriminating against the nationals of any third State. It simply acts as the minimum legal safeguards against aviation risk empowering a party to take legal control of the designated airlines. Unfortunately, the German call for the review of such a foremost objective and rationale underlying the nationality clause landed on the deaf ears of the Court which appeared quite happy not to take stock of the potential implications and consequences in its absence and of the legality under international law of the 'national treatment' requirement of Community laws. Again, while US law limits foreign shareholders to 24.9% of its airlines, the European Community limits non-EC ownership to 49%, precluding any ownership and effective control by foreign nationals of EC airlines, let alone any foreign takeover and merger. Given this, it appears inconsistent and unreasonable for the EC to demand, $vis-{\grave{a}}-vis$ a non-EC third State, national treatment for all of its Member States. The ECJ's decision was also wrongly premised on the precedence of Community laws over international law, and in particular, international air law. It simply is another form of asserting and enforcing de facto extraterritorial application of Community laws to a non-EC third country. Again, the ruling runs counter to an established rule of international law that a treaty does not, as a matter of principle, create either obligations or rights for a third State. Aside from the legal problems, the 'national treatment' may not be economically justified either, in light of the free-rider problem and resulting externalities or inefficiency. On the strength of international law and economics, therefore, airlines of Community Members other than the designated German and U.S. air carriers are neither eligible for traffic rights, nor entitled to operate between or 'free-ride' on the U.S. and German points. All in all and in all fairness, the European Court's ruling was nothing short of an outright condemnation of established rules and principles of international law and international air law. Nor is the national treatment requirement justified by the economic logic of deregulation or liberalization of aviation markets. Nor has the requirement much to do with fair competition and increased efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.291-318
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• 2006

There were many studies conducted on economical aspects of employment among the elderly in national level, however, very few studies examined social and psychological aspects of senior employment and employment preferences of the elderly persons. The purposes of this study were to examine major determinants of decision making in employment, and to explore some relationships among decision making of employment, socio-economic factors, health and psycho-social factors, and labor and economical factors among non-working elderly persons in the community. In all, two-hundred-twenty elderly persons were interviewed and one-hundred-ninety-four were analyzed in this study. The descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and logistic regression were used for the data analysis in this study. The study found that the respondent's sex, ages, education, numbers of children, physical health, ADL, self-efficacy, economical stress, numbers of years in labor, asset of real estate, family allowances, and the benefit levels of pension were major determinants of decision making in employment among non-working elderly persons. Finally, some implications were discussed for developing effective senior employment in national policy, job related services, and welfare programs of the elderly persons for the successful aging.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.151-168
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• 2021

This study compared and analyzed the effect of the burden of household expenditure in the metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas on the intention to childbirth intention to married women using a panel logit model. To this end, this analysis targeted married women aged 25 to 39 who are highly likely to be fertile. The main results are as follows; First of all, it was confirmed that the economic power of spouse can be an important factor in the childbirth intention regardless of region. Second, it was found that the higher the satisfaction of marriage had a positive effect on the childbirth intention, and also higher the value that children must have, the higher the childbirth intention. Third, it was confirmed that the burden of household expenditure is the most important factor in the willingness to childbirth intention, excluding factors such as the number of existing children. In particular, the burden on education spending in both the capital region and non-capital region was found to be a key reason for the decrease in the childbirth intention. Lastly, the burden of household expenditure showed different effects on childbirth intention on depending on the region. Specifically, in the capital region, medical spending and loans had a greater impact, while, in the non-capital region, transportation and communication costs had a greater impact on childbirth intentions. Through the results, this study confirmed the implication that easing the burden on household expenditure is continuously necessary to enhance childbirth, and that discriminatory policy approaches are required depending on the area of residence.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2019

The health care services are the most basic social institutions that are provided to citizen including disabled persons for improvement of health. However, the study of the difference of health care services according to the speech therapy use in the people with speech-language disorders was insufficient. The aim of this investigation was to compare the awareness of health care services and characteristics of people with speech-language disorders according to speech therapy use. The researchers selected 229 people with language disorder using raw data of National Survey of the Disabled Person (2017). We compared the characteristics and health care services of people with speech-language disorders by distinguishing between speech therapy non-users and speech therapy users. Among the 229 people with language disorder, speech therapy users were 37 persons (16.2%). In comparison with non-users, users were younger, more preschoolers, more family incomes, and intellectual disabilities and autistic disorder were the most common types of disability enrollment. Users had a lower proportion of unmet medical needs than non-users. For the reasons of unmet medical need, there were 6.8% and 6.3% of the "economic reasons" and "communication difficulties" Both users and non-users responded that "disability management services" need to be strengthened by the government. In conclusion, we suggest that access to health care services needs to be increased to lower the barriers of speech therapy use.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.10-27
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• 2017

Recently, the importance of recognizing the natural environment and the need for its conservation are increasing due to rapid urbanization. Suncheon Bay, designated as Scenic Site No. 41 and one of the World's Five Greatest Coastal Wetlands, is the only tideland among the tidal flats in Korea, which has salt marsh reserves. It has high conservation value from the ecological aspect. In addition to the Suncheon Bay National Garden, it provides various benefits not only to visitors but to local residents as well in terms of economics, environmental issues, and history and cultural aspects. Two million tourists visit the site annually, which has constantly highlighted the limits of ecological capacity. The valuation of the Suncheon Bay wetland is more important for the sustainability of the Suncheon Bay wetland than for its value as a tourism resource for the activation of the local economy. This study used the Logit model, which is commonly used among probabilistic choice models, to evaluate the economic value of Suncheon Bay wetland with the contingent valuation method(CVM). Applying the conservation value of the Suncheon Bay wetland to the benefit of KRW 8,200 for 1 person and 1 day, the benefit from exploration is KRW 2,050, the management and conservation value is KRW 3,034, and the heritage value is KRW 3,116. The results of this study are that benefit from the annual exploration of Suncheon Bay wetland was KRW 44.3 in billion, the management and conservation value was KRW 6.55 in billion, and the heritage value was KRW 6.73 in billion. When converted to the number of paying visitors per year, the conservation value is about KRW 177.1 billion. This study was conducted to evaluate the use and conservation aspects of the economic value of Suncheon Bay wetland. Based on the latent value of the Suncheon Bay wetland, it provides basic data about the efficient management and policy establishment of Suncheon Bay wetland. The study is significant in that the ecological sustainability of the Suncheon bay wetland and the value of non-marketable were evaluated based on the recognition of 'benefit through exploration', 'management and conservation value' and 'value of heritage'. It can be used as policy decision data on the integrated collection of the admission fee of the Suncheon Bay wetland and Suncheon Bay National Garden.