• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.287-298
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• 2003

Purpose: To explain the concept of postpartum weight retention and to analyze factor effect on it. Method: A total of 20 studies related postpartum weight retention were selected in the year of 1988-2001 and analysis was done. Result: A demographic factor like parity, age, social and economic level and life style such as exercise, diet, breast feeding are influential factor on postpartum retention weight. But parts of them don't agree the same results. Meanwhile, in some studies, psychological factor like women's self esteem related to postpartum retention weight, body image change, depressing is found to be very related. As a result, postpartum overweight gain could be a bad factor of physical and mental health. In Korea, we have few studies related to them. Conclusion: It is required to do many-sided and deep studies about aspects of postpartum retention weight and the factor that effect on it. Postpartum retention weight should be approached by controling weight from the period of pregnancy. And it would rather be researched through individual approach considered women's various demographic, social-cultural and physical level than be required standardized level of weight gain.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.143-174
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• 1997

The model applied in this paper is based on the theory of economic order quantity (EOQ). EOQ model is introduced to explain the improvement of the transaction efficiency through the cooperative purchase. We examine explicitly how horizontal cooperation affects vertical transactions. A result of the analysis is that a seller can prefer transacting with a cooperative rather than with each buyer separately, even if he reduces the selling price of the product. Without increasing the demand for the product, this result is that dealing with a cooperative, rather than separately with each buyer, decreases the transaction cost for the seller-buyers system, the cost reduction more than off-setting the effect of price decrease on the sellers profit. For a coopative consisting of any number of buyers, Pareto efficient ordering policies that maximize the joint cost saving for the seller-buyers system are identified. We then discuss the conditions under which a cooperative under consideration can be modified to increase efficiency gain. Next, we relax the assumption that all buyers participate in a single cooperative and examine the issue of how many cooperatives, each consisting of a subset of the buyers, should be formed to maximize the total cost saving for the seller-buyers system. Finally, the issue of shapley value to divide the cooperatives gain among its members is discussed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.760-772
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of quality of life for bone marrow transplant (BMT) survivors and to gain understanding of nursing interventions that may improve QOL in this population. The data was gathered from 32 BMT survivors using seven open-ended questions. The items were based on previous research of Ferrell et al., (1992). Content analysis was performed on written responses to seven questions regarding BMT and QOL. The results were as follows : 1. The meaning of QOL for BMT survivors were "being healt", "being able to take a role", "having relationships", "self-accomplishment", "peace of mind", "spiritual well-being", "economic stability" and "being alive". 2. The impact of BMT on physical well-being were "skin impairment", "digestive problems", "infections ", "fatigue/weakness", "arthralgia", "eye dryness". "weight gain", "amenorrhea" and "hand tremor". 3. The impact of BMT on psychological well-being were "fear of recurrence", "sence of peace" and "hope". 4. The impact of BMT on socioeconomic status were "financial burden", "limitation of social activities" and "sence of withdrawal". 5. The impact of BMT on spiritual well-being were "dependency on Supreme Being", "spiritual arousal " and "spiritual maturity". The findings of the study will be useful in constructing a instrument to measure QOL in BMT and in understanding the conceptual basis of QOL for the BMT population.ency on Supreme Being", "spiritual arousal " and "spiritual maturity". The findings of the study will be useful in constructing a instrument to measure QOL in BMT and in understanding the conceptual basis of QOL for the BMT population.L for the BMT population.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.579-586
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• 2009

통계모형의 상호작용 효과를 분석하기위해 비모수적인 방법인 다중인자 차원 축소(MDR)방법을 사용해 왔다. MDR 방법은 사례-대조 데이터에만 적용 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 Regression tree 알고리즘과 더미 변수를 활용한 회귀분석 알고리즘을 사용하여 다중 범주를 High 범주와 Low범주로 분류함으로써, MDR방법에서 연속형 데이터에 적용 할 수 없는 문제를 해결하는 방법으로 제시된 Expanded MDR방법과 Dummy MDR방법을 한우의 주요 경제형질(longissimus muscle dorsi area: LMA, carcass cold weight: CWT, average daily gain: ADG)데이터에 적용하여 한우의 경제형질에 영향을 주는 주요 SNPs 마커를 규명하고, Permutation test를 통해 그 결과를 비교한다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1996

Generally, the size of our recreation sites is selected through use demand at the peak day. At same time, scale economic and diseconomic are applied to a recreation site. If you are a rational decision-maker, you would like to select the size of your park at profit-maximization point. This study is the first try for modelling a Gain-Loss by the size options of a theme park. For testing the validity of a financial model to select the size of theme parks. Ever-Land, Seoul-Land, Dream-Land's operating size was analyzed. By the size options, the revenue of each park was compared with cost. The profit-maximization point and break-even point of each park were found. Ever-Land and Dream-Land's size was selected between the profit-maximization point and the break-even point. In contrast with Ever-Land and Dream-Land's, Seoul-Land's was selected upper the break-even point. To increase the utility of this model in selecting the size of a theme park, a decision-maker must keep in mind a few limits of this study. That is, 1) this model can not be applied at public parks. 2) Sometimes the others can be more important than financial revenue and cost. Finally, there is the validity of Gain-Loss Model in estimating only the financial revenues and costs through the size options.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.677-685
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• 2018

Weaning pigs often face post-weaning challenges such as diarrhea, low feed intake, and body weight (BW) loss which affects the health and economic value of weaning pigs. Interestingly, the use of yeast cultures (YCs) as feed supplements for pigs has increased markedly in recent years. This study evaluated the effects of yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth performance, fecal score, and nutrient digestibility of weaning pigs. A total of 50 crossed healthy weaning pigs [(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc] with an average BW of $7.46{\pm}1.60kg$ (28 day of age) were used in a 6-week experiment. The experiment was divided into 3 phases (Phase 1, 1 - 2 weeks; Phase 2, 2 - 4 weeks; Phase 3, 4 - 6 weeks). Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) CON: basal diet and 2) CON + 0.50% YC. During phase 1, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the weaning pigs fed YC supplementation diets compared with the weaning pigs fed the CON diet. During phase 3 as well as overall, the gain/feed ratio (G/F) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the YC supplementation group compared with the pigs fed the CON diet. In conclusion, the supplementation of YCs in the diet positively affected the growth performance of weaning pigs during the first two weeks after weaning.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2009

양배추 유묘에서 도둑나방 유충의 경제적 피해허용수준과 요방제 수준을 설정하기 위하여 도둑나방 유충 접종 밀도에 따른 양배추의 생육, 피해 및 수량을 조사하였다. 포장실험에서 파종 40일 양배추 유묘에 주당 0, 1, 4, 8, 16마리의 도둑나방 2령 유충들을 접종하고 30일 후 수량조사결과 처리 간 사이가 없었고, 양배추는 도둑나방 가해에 대하여 보상적 반응을 보였다. 반면, 유리온실 실험에서 정식 25일 양배추 유묘에 주당 0, 2, 5, 8, 12마리의 도둑나방 2령 유충들을 접종한 결과 15일 후 양배추의 평균생체중은 무처리에서 38.3g, 2마리 접종구에서 36.7g, 5마리 접종구에서 21.7g, 8마리 접종구에서 23.3g, 12마리 접종구에서 16.7g으로 도둑나방 유충의 접종수가 증가할수록 양배추의 생체중은 유의하게 줄어들었다. 도둑나방 유충 발생과 수량손실과의 관계를 구명하기 위하여 누적발생일수(cumulative insect days)와 양배추 유묘의 손실률(%)과의 관계를 회귀분석한 결과 비선형식인 logistic 모형에 잘 적용되었다. 이 식으로부터 수익한계인(gain threshold) 5%와 양배추 상품화율(91%)을 감안했을 때, 수량 감소율 14%에서 도둑나방 2령 유충의 경제적피해수준은 44 CID 이었다. 또한 요방제 밀도는 경제적 피해수준의 80%가 되는 35 CID로 추정되었다. 본 결과는 양배추 유묘시기에 도둑나방 유충을 방제하기 위한 경제적인 방제적기를 제공함으로써 본 해충의 효율적인 관리에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권44호
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• pp.254-290
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• 2018

Why did Kim Jong Un turn his foreign policy upside down in a sudden? US naval blockade became one of candidates for the reason since it had been threatened by Trump administration for the first time in December 2017. Has the blockades worked well like that in the international politic history? This paper reveals the effectiveness of naval blockade on sanctioning in the peacetime. This research analyzes three hypothetical arguments about the naval blockade based on the result of empirical tests with TIES Dataset. First, sanctions by blockading are more effective in gaining political benefits than the other economic sanctions. It was ranked the 4th effective way of sanction out of 9. And 56.3% of pacific naval blockades without packaged economic sanctions were succeeded, whereas the possibility of success increase up to 61.2% when blockade has been imposed in accordance with the other type of economic sanctions. Second, blockades deter military collisions, even war. When it comes to military provocation issue, blockading sanctions gain political interest far more than the other type of economic sanctions. The possibility of the success reaches up to 74%. Also, there wasn't any historical cases of war incurred by blockading sanctions within 5 years after the blockade end. Third, policy makers just need 1.2 years on average to see the end of sanctions when they choose the naval blockade as the method of imposing sanction on the adversary. It is impressively short span of time in achieving political goal compared to the other types of sanctions which are need 9 years on average. North East Asia sea could be the next stage for a naval blockade sooner or later. Because China and Japan not only possess capabilities of blockade but also have will to impose blockades to the others if conditions are set. And even the North Korea with lots of submerging forces could be a blockading threat in the specific area. So, the Republic of Korea has to pay more attention and be prepared for naval blockading sanction.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.27-41
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the influence of fashion lifestyles and consumption values on the difficulty of discarding unused fashion products. To achieve this purpose, this study surveyed female consumers aged 20s-50s to gain empirical analysis in July 2018. Data were analyzed for 236 subjects who were selected through online and offline sampling. The results were as follows. First, consumers tend to have difficulties discarding unused fashion goods. Consumers that have a higher income tend to have greater difficulty when choosing to discard items. Factors influencing the difficulty in discarding items were emotional attachment, usefulness in the future, economic value, and the lack of organizing skills. Usefulness in the future and the lack of organizing skills are the most significant factors influencing the discarding difficulty. Second, discarding difficulty had a significant relationship with fashion lifestyle, indicating that consumers seeking a fashion lifestyle that purchase more expensive brands tend to have more difficulty when discarding items. Third, each factor had a meaningful relationship with fashion goods consumption values. Those pursuing conspicuous value showed a greater difficulty discarding items due to emotional attachment, economic value, and lack of organizing skills. Pursuance of situational value showed a higher discarding difficulty than economic value factors. Pursuance of practical value showed a higher difficulty than both usefulness in future situations and economic value factors. Pursuance of differentiation value showed a higher discarding difficulty than emotional attachment and usefulness in the future factor. This study will help understanding consumers psychological mechanisms that experience difficulty in terms of the discarding of unused fashion goods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.696-704
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate various levels of milk by-product in weaning pig diet on growth performance, blood profiles, carcass characteristics and economic performance for weaning to finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc), average $7.01{\pm}1.32kg$ body weight (BW), were allotted to four treatments by BW and sex in 10 replications with 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with various levels of milk by-product (Phase 1: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, Phase 2: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). During weaning period (0 to 5 week), weaning pigs were fed experimental diets and all pigs were fed the same commercial feed during growing-finishing period (6 to 14 week). Results: In the growth trial, BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the nursery period (5 weeks) increased as the milk by-product level in the diet increased (linear, p<0.05). Linear increases of pig BW with increasing the milk product levels were observed until late growing period (linear, p = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in BW at the finishing periods, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed ratio during the entire growing-finishing periods. The blood urea nitrogen concentration had no significant difference among dietary treatments. High inclusion level of milk by-product in weaner diet decreased crude protein (quadratic, p = 0.05) and crude ash (Linear, p = 0.05) of Longissimus muscle. In addition, cooking loss and water holding capacity increased with increasing milk product levels in the weaner diets (linear, p<0.01; p = 0.05). High milk by-product treatment had higher feed cost per weight gain compared to non-milk by-products treatment (linear, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Supplementation of 10% to 5% milk by-products in weaning pig diet had results equivalent to the 30% to 15% milk treatment and 0% milk by-product supplementation in the diet had no negative influence on growth performance of finishing pigs.