• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2012년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.475-478
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• 2012

사이버 공간의 중요성이 커지고 그에 대한 의존성이 높아지면서 부수적으로 산업기밀유출, 사이버 테러, 개인정보유출의 문제 뿐 아니라 국가 간의 사이버 전쟁의 우려가 커지는 등 사이버 공간의 잠재적 위험성과 그에 따른 피해범위와 규모도 커지고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 이에 대한 대비는 국가의 안보와 직결될 만큼 중요성이 커지고 있다. 따라서 정보보호체계의 확립이 시급하며 사이버 피해에 대한 체계적 이해가 필요하다. 이를 위하여 피해규모 및 피해액 추정 방법을 정리하고 이를 바탕으로 사이버 보호 대책을 수립해야 한다. 사이버보호의 경제적 효과는 사이버 보호 정책을 수립하는 기초적인 자료가 될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 사이버 피해의 체계적 이해를 바탕으로 사이버 보호의 경제적 효과에 대한 합리적인 추정방안을 연구하고자 한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.133-146
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• 2014

자연재해의 경제적 영향평가에 대한 연구는 많으나 화산재해의 영향평가에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 매우 적다. 국내의 경우, 화산 폭발에 대한 국가적, 사회적 관심 부족으로 화산재해 영향평가에 대한 학계 연구도 매우 부족하다. 이러한 연구실정을 고려하여, 본 연구는 자연재해의 경제적 영향평가 연구방법론을 조사하고 향후 예상되는 백두산 화산재해에의 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구의 주요 내용과 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자연재해 및 화산재해에 대해 조사한 결과, 아시아지역에서 자연재해 피해규모가 가장 컸고 아시아와 아메리카 대륙의 경제적 피해가 가장 많았던 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 최근 30년 사이에 화산분화가 매우 빈번했던 일본에서 화산재해로 인한 피해연구가 활발했던 반면, 화산분화가 드문 한국과 중국에서는 화산재해의 경제적 영향에 대한 연구가 매우 희소하다. 셋째, 자연재해에 의한 피해 유형 및 복합 피해구조에 대하여 살펴보았고, 그 중에서 정량적인 분석이 가능하다고 생각되는 경제적 간접피해를 추정할 수 있는 몇 가지 방법들을 비교 검토해 보았다. 각 방법론을 백두산 화산재해에 적용하는 경우, 모형 고유의 특징 때문에 피해규모가 과대 추정되거나 혹은 과소 추정될 가능성이 있으므로 계산된 피해결과는 사후적인 비교 검토가 필요하다. 마지막으로 일본의 화산재해에 관한 학술적 연구를 백두산 화산폭발의 경제적 영향 평가 연구의 출발점으로 활용할 수도 있겠지만, 미국에서 사용되는 Hazus나 뉴질랜드에서 사용되는 RiskScape와 같은 컴퓨터 SW를 활용하거나 개발하여 백두산 화산재해의 경제적 영향을 예측하는 것도 좋은 방법이라고 생각된다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.21-42
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 기후변화에 따른 해수면 상승이 우리나라 동해안 및 남해안 일대에 미치는 경제적 영향과 이를 방어하기 위한 최적 해안 방어비율을 광역시 도별로 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 FUND(The Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution) 모형에 우리나라에 적합한 지표들을 적용하여 분석하였다. 해당 광역시 도의 면적 대비 예상 범람 지역 비율을 분석한 결과를 보면 광역시 도별로 지리적 차이가 있어 부산광역시는 시나리오에 따라 3.19% 내외로 상대적으로 높은 범람 비율로 추정되었으나 강원도는 0.1% 내외로 낮게 추정되었다. 경제적 피해비용도 광역시 도별로 차이가 있어 경제활동이 상대적으로 활발한 부산광역시, 울산광역시 및 경상남도에서의 경제적 피해비용은 매우 높게 나타났다. 그러나 최적 해안 방어비율 추정 결과를 보면 해안선의 길이가 짧고 경제적 피해비용이 큰 부산광역시와 울산 광역시는 각각 98% 내외, 92% 내외로 높게 추정되었고 경제적 피해 규모는 상대적으로 크나 해안 방어비용 또한 높게 추정된 경상남도에서는 최적해안 방어비율이 78%~79%로 추정되었다. 이에 반하여 강원도의 경우에는 경제적 피해 규모가 작아 최적 해안 방어비율이 시나리오별로 43% 내외로 추정되었다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.53-74
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• 1991

Interest on ocean environment has increased with the development of industrialized activities. Public marine resorces are defined broadly to include fish stocks, beaches, marine waters, recreational fishing, biota, waterfowls, shorebirds, seabirds and marine mammals But, it is not easy to analyze compensation for injury to publicly owned marine resources because the claimants do not exist clearly and the economic methodology of damage on public goods is not developed fully. This paper introduces basic idea of welfare economic theory and environmental legislation to the research question : How the economics and law can be applied to the case of damage on publicly owned marine resource. The paper discusses the concepts of willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). It is accepted generally that WTA is correct concept of welfare change in the case of damaged public goods. Four methods (compensating variation, equivalent variation, compensating surplus, equivalent surplus of measuring welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes caused by environmental damage. Vartia (1983) showed CV could be measured from the ordinary demand function using the differential equations. This paper also provides an overview of the emerging U.S. and Korea legal system for compensation for natural resource damages, with particular emphasis on U.S. legal system under Comprehensive Environmen-tal Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). These regulations are to include two different types of standardized procedures for assessing natural resources injury : Type A or simplified assessment techniques for small releases ; and Type B protocols that would include detailed and extensive assessment methodologies for major releases. Type A procedures are specified by Natural Resources Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environment (NRDAM/CME) of the U.S. CERCLA provides a legal 'legitimization for the use of economic-based nonmarket valuation in the courts and have introduced appropriate and accurate nonmarket valuation methods based on willingness to-pay for damage assessment. By briefly reviewing economic theory and environmental legislation, we hope to help provide a better understanding of the compensation process and the economics of publicly owned marine resources in the U.S. and to integrate the economics and law of natural resources valuation into a single comprehensive package in Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.237-254
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• 2021

Background: Some of the introduced alien species introduced settle, multiply, and spread to become invasive alien species (IAS) that threaten biodiversity. To prevent this, Korea and other countries legally designate and manage alien species that pose a risk to the environment. Moreover, 2160 alien species have been introduced in South Korea, of which 1826 animals and 334 plants are designated. The inflow of IAS can have negative effects such as ecosystem disturbance, habitat destruction, economic damage, and health damage to humans. To prevent damage caused by the inflow of IAS in advance, species that could potentially pose a risk to the environment if introduced in South Korea were designated as alert alien species (AAS). Results: The designation criteria were in accordance with the "Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity" and the "Regulations on the Ecological Risk Assessment of AAS and IAS" by the National Institute of Ecology. The analysis result of risk and damage cases indicated that mammals affect predation, competition, human economic activity, virus infection, and parasite infection. Birds have been demonstrated to affect predation, competition, human economic activity, and health. It was indicated that plants intrude on the ecosystem by competing with native species with their high-population density and capacity to multiply and cause allergic inducement. Interestingly, 300 species, including 25 mammals, 7 birds, 84 fishes, 28 amphibians, 22 reptiles, 1 insect, 32 spiders, 1 mollusk, 1 arthropod, and 99 plants, are included in the list of AAS. Conclusions: AAS designation plays a role in preventing the reduction of biodiversity by IAS in South Korea and preserving native species. Moreover, it is determined to provide considerable economic benefits by preventing socio-economic losses and ecological damage.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2019

기후변화로 인해 극한 기후 사상이 야기하는 피해의 빈도와 세기가 증가하고 있다. 사회기반시설물이 기후변화로 인한 위험에 대비되어 있지 않으면 시설물 자체와 그 주변 지역의 자산 손실이 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 기존의 기후에 근거하여 설계된 사회기반시설물들에 기후변화 적응기술을 도입하여 미래에 발생할 손실을 낮추어야 한다. 정책 결정자는 적응기술을 도입하기 위해 각 기술의 경제적 파급효과를 이해해야 한다. 기후변화 적응의 경제적 파급효과를 올바르게 이해하려면, 시설물에 직접적인 피해인 1차 피해와 기후 사상으로 인해 주변지역에 미치는 피해인 2차 피해를 모두 파악하여야 한다. 본 논문은 기후변화 적응기술들이 저감하는 1차 및 2차 피해액을 도출하기 위한 방법론을 제시하여, 각 사회기반시설물에 특화된 기후변화 적응기술 가치평가 방법을 제안하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.649-657
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• 2021

This paper aims to study the impact of natural disasters on per capita income in Vietnam both the short and long-term, specifically impact loss of income caused by the extreme drought 2013 for agriculture, forestry and fishery in Phu Yen Province, Central Vietnam. The study valued economic damage by applying the synthetic control method (SCM), which is a statistical method to evaluate the effect of an intervention (e.g. natural disasters) in different case studies. It estimates what would have happened to the treatment group if it had not received the treatment by constructing a weighted combination of control units (e.g. control provinces). The results showed that the 2013 drought caused a decrease in income per capita, mainly in the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sector in Phu Yen. The reduced income was estimated to be VND 160,000 (1 USD = 23,500 VND (2021)) for one person per month, accounting for 11% of total income per capita and continued to affect the income 6 years later. Therefore, authorities need to invest in preventive solutions such as early and accurate warnings to help people to be more proactive in disaster prevention.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.293-303
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• 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has occurred since the end of 2019, has caused tremendous damage not only in terms of disease and death but also in terms of economy. Accordingly, governments implemented health and quarantine policies to prevent the transmission and spread of COVID-19 and minimize economic effects, and implemented various countermeasures to reduce social and economic damage. However, the damage varies from country to country, and there are differences in the response of each government. Methods: Using 2020 data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, the effectiveness of governments' quarantine and economic policies in response to COVID-19 was calculated, and what factors determine the effectiveness were analyzed. While most of the previous studies analyzed the relationship between the government's quarantine policy and corona transmission and death, this study is characterized by considering the economic aspect in addition. Results: As a result of the analysis, the following results were obtained. First, when economic aspects are not considered, Asian and European countries have similar levels of efficiency, but when economic aspects are taken into account, Asian countries have higher efficiency. Second, population density had a negative effect on the efficiency of each country's policy, and long-term orientation was found to have an important impact when considering the economic aspect. Conclusion: We found that the governance index is an important variable influencing the efficiency, which shows that the effectiveness of government policies in response to the coronavirus depends heavily on the trust relationship between the government and the people.

• 농촌계획
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2022

Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sector to droughts, and drought damage on the agriculture sector could have effects on other sector. Droughts have different characteristics compared to other extreme events, which means more sophisticated methods considering the characteristics of droughts are required when measuring their damage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the damage of droughts based on limited computational general equilibrium model. To be specific, we constructed a CGE model focusing on the agriculture sector in Korea. Also, to limit changes in land use and labor, we limited them, and assume droughts only have effects on productivity of value-added. Lastly, we simulate drought effects on rice production in Korea based on several climate scenarios and GCM to identify the economic effects of droughts. The results show that 1) the cumulated damage of droughts during 2021~2040 is higher than other periods (2040~2061, 2081~2100), 2) the correlation between the damage of droughts and SSP scenarios is insignificant. This result implies the necessity of the effective drought risk management to prevent future droughts effects, irrespective of mitigation policies. 3) Due to increases in rice price, GDP of rice sector is increased. However, GDP of the other sector and consumer welfare are decreased. This result show that indirect effects of droughts would be more important when measuring drought effects on agriculture sector.

• 의료법학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.397-445
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• 2010

This thesis introduces the trends of korean courts' ruling on damages in medical malpractice cases for past 10 years. First of all, Korean courts' ruling have had a tendency to pay only non-economic damages for not taking the informed consent. If a doctor cannot get the informed consent from a patient, he compensate only non-economic damages for the infringement of self-determination rights of patient. It's enough for the plaintiff to prove the infringement of self-determination rights, if the plaintiff just want to get non-economic damages. The Korean Supreme court have ruled that if plaintiffs want to get economic damages for the infringement of self-determination rights or informed consent, plaintiffs must prove that the infringement of self-determination rights is the proximate cause of the economic damages of patient. There is another tendency for the Korean Supreme court to limit the damages in medical malpractice cases on the ground of patient's diseases' dangerousness or patient's idiosyncrasy. In the past courts often limit the damages only to 70~80% of total damages, but now a days courts mostly limit the damages to 20~30%. This thesis also introduce the Korean courts' trends about Valuing damages in personal injury actions awarded for gratuitously rendered nursing and medical care.