• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2008

The basis of the economic evaluation of vaccination is the balance between the use of the resources (input) and the improvements that result from the vaccination (output). Techniques used for economic evaluation of vaccination are cost analysis, cost-minimization analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis and cost-benefit analysis. Cost analysis seeks to characterize the costs of a given vaccination program. Cost-effective analysis is to helps policy-makers decide on the best use of allocated resources, whether cost-benefit analysis is to helps policy-makers decide on the overall allocation of resources. Cost-utility analysis is a specific form of cost-effective analysis in which outcomes are reduced to a common denominator such as the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) or disability-adjusted life year (DALY). Many economic analyses have been conducted on vaccines in the world, but there have been a little studies on economic evaluation on vaccines in Korea. This paper reviewed the methodology used to economic evaluation on vaccines and immunizations and addressed some examples of the methods.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.97-114
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• 2002

An estimation of economic life for a new weapon system is a critical issue in aquisition process. In general a life cycle cost consists of, development cost, aquisition cost, and maintenance cost. These costs are not identified and obtained in the beginning of the aquisition process. This paper deals with an economic life for KlAl tank which is being deployed recently, using PRICE model. In order to estimate an KlAl economic life, we use equivalent annual cost method which is sum of capital recovering with return and equivalent O&M cost method. This method determines an economic life by minimizing annual investment cost and operation and maintenance cost. In this paper, an aquisition cost of KlAl is obtained from PRICE H and O&M cost from PRICE HL model. We obtained various results depending upon production quantity. An economic life for KlAl is estimated 18 years when 300 tanks are produced.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to suggest economic analysis for piezoelectric power. Economic analysis method uses california standard test. Perspectives of california standard test is participant test, ratepayer impact measure test, program administrator cost test and total resource cost test. This study identifies the cost and benefit components. This study identifies benefit-cost calculation procedures from four test : participant test, ratepayer impact measure test, program administrator cost test and total resource cost test. In the economic analysis, the order of benefit cost ratio in piezoelectric power shows total resource cost test, program administrator cost test, ratepayer impact measure test and participant test.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1694-1714
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• 2007

This study is to estimate economic benefits of Standardization R&D of Urban Rail System. Benefit was to be realized through standardization of main areas such as train vehicle, railway, power system, and signal system. To derive and calculate the quantitative benefit, the sources of economic impact was divided into three dimensions -operational cost savings, import substitution, and safety effects. Economic effect of the standardization was categorized based on a modified BSC model. Economic benefits from time and labor savings are converted into cost savings. Import substitution and investment multiplier effect have a positive impact in addition to cost savings. The estimation of the standardization R&D of Urban Rail System was conservatively estimated 370 billion Won. Cost effectiveness of standardized safety system was conservatively translated into economic benefit in this analysis. This study provides a practical guide to economic evaluation of the various railway R&D projects.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.183-196
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• 2016

Objectives: There is no systematic review on economic evaluations of telemedicine in Japan, despite over 1000 trials implemented. Our systematic review aims to examine whether Japan's telemedicine is cost-saving or cost-effective, examine the methodological rigorousness of the economic evaluations, and discuss future studies needed to improve telemedicine's financial sustainability. Methods: We searched five databases, including two Japanese databases, to find peer-reviewed articles published between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014 in English and Japanese that performed economic evaluations of Japan's telemedicine programs. The methodological rigorousness of the economic analyses was assessed with a well-established checklist. We calculated the benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) when a reviewed study reported related data but did not report the BCR. All cost values were adjusted to 2014 US dollars. Results: Among the 17 articles identified, six studies reported on settings connecting physicians for specialist consultations, and eleven studies on settings connecting healthcare providers and patients at home. There are three cost-benefit analyses and three cost-minimization analyses. The remaining studies measured the benefit of telemedicine only, using medical expenditure saved or users' willingness-to-pay. There was substantial diversity in the methodological rigorousness. Studies on teledermatology and teleradiology indicated a favorable level of economic efficiency. Studies on telehomecare gave mixed results. One cost-benefit analysis on telehomecare indicated a low economic efficiency, partly due to public subsidy rules, e.g., a too short budget period. Conclusions: Overall, telemedicine programs in Japan were indicated to have a favorable level of economic efficiency. However, the scarcity of the economic literature indicates the need for further rigorous economic evaluation studies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was designed to describe the economic awareness, economic knowledge, and attitude toward cost-effectiveness in nursing of hospital nurses. Method : The sample included 272 nurses conveniently selected from 5 tertiary care hospitals. Data were collected on general characteristics of nurses, the economic awareness level, the knowledge level of economics, and the attitude toward cost-effectiveness. Data were analyzed using SPSS PC version 10.0. Result : 1) The mean of economic awareness level of hospital nurses was 44.87 (SD=3.53) with a possible range of 5${\sim}$50. The mean of the knowledge level of economics was 58.3 (SD=11.9) with a possible range of 0${\sim}$100. 2) The mean of attitude toward cost-effectiveness in nursing was 39.95 (SD=5.01) with a possible range of 5${\sim}$50, which means moderately positive. 3) Analyzing the relationships between economic awareness level and knowledge level of economics, and attitude toward cost-effectiveness, the knowledge level of economics was positively related with the economic awareness level (r=.192, p=.002) and the attitude (r=.133, p=.029). The economic awareness level was positively related with the attitude (r=.470, p=.000). 4) Backward multiple regression revealed that the linear combination of economic awareness, job position, place of employment, and the presence of CQI committee accounted for 26.1% of the variance in the attitudes toward cost-effectiveness nursing care. Conclusion : Findings reveal that RNs lack basic knowledge of economics and its link to nursing practice, yet, they want a voice in economic decision making. In an effort to fill the void of economic knowledge and respond to nurses' call for greater input, in-service programs and curricula for generic programs must be developed.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2011

This study determined the ship replacement life expectancy from an economic perspective. There are many ambiguities in the cost for calculation of economic lifespan, and these were expressed as fuzzy numbers. Also, a fuzzy cost model using fuzzy numbers was developed and suggested as a more practical analysis method than the existing cost model. And the suggested fuzzy model was used to determine the economic lifespan for various types of container ships. As the result, Without fuzziness, the economic lifespan of 5000 TEU Ships was found to be 19 years. it was found that the greater the container ship, the greater the economic lifespan was.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.415-423
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• 2022

Economic evaluations in the healthcare are used to assess economic efficiency of pharmaceuticals and medical interventions such as diagnoses and medical procedures. This study introduces the main concepts of economic evaluation across its key steps: planning, outcome and cost calculation, modeling, cost-effectiveness results, uncertainty analysis, and decision-making. When planning an economic evaluation, we determine the study population, intervention, comparators, perspectives, time horizon, discount rates, and type of economic evaluation. In healthcare economic evaluations, outcomes include changes in mortality, the survival rate, life years, and quality-adjusted life years, while costs include medical, non-medical, and productivity costs. Model-based economic evaluations, including decision tree and Markov models, are mainly used to calculate the total costs and total effects. In cost-effectiveness or costutility analyses, cost-effectiveness is evaluated using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which is the additional cost per one additional unit of effectiveness gained by an intervention compared with a comparator. All outcomes have uncertainties owing to limited evidence, diverse methodologies, and unexplained variation. Thus, researchers should review these uncertainties and confirm their robustness. We hope to contribute to the establishment and dissemination of economic evaluation methodologies that reflect Korean clinical and research environment and ultimately improve the rationality of healthcare policies.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.2 no.4 s.8
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• pp.135-143
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to estimate and analyze the optimum economic life of office buildings in consideration of their LCC (Life Cycle Cost), and thereby, explore the ways to manage the outlived office buildings economically. In estimating the economic life, initial investment cost and maintenance cost are taken into due consideration. For this study, those office buildings in Yeouido and Mapo region were sampled. The surveyed details were reduced to unit area to calculate a unit value, and then, their optimum economic life was estimated using LCC. Five alternatives for management of outlived office buildings were compared in terms of reconstruction or rehabilitation cost.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.93-100
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• 2004

This study aims to presents the applicability of economic measures for renewable energy The basic principle and method of economic analyses were investigated and total life cycle cost considering environmental costs according to $CO_2$ generation. In case study, adaptation of new small wind power system to buildings were proved to produce a profit if it is considered the environmental cost and increment of energy prices. And so the economic measures can be used not only for the investment decisions for economic analysis but also for the comparative analysis of environmental cost and economic profits.