• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.282-291
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the phytotoxicity of several herbicides for rice and weed control with herbicides application times and seeding times in flooded direct-seeded rice field. The phytotoxicity of herbieides(bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate, bensulfuron methyl+mefenacet+dymron, bensulfuron methyl+quinclorac, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+cyhalofop, imazosulfuron+molinate, imazosul-furon+cyhalofop) for rice in different seeding dates was the most high at 7 days after seeding(DAS) Followed by 12 and 17 DAS. In particular, the bensulfuron methyl+mefenacet+dymron showed very high phytotoxicity to rice plants. Weed species occurred in direct-seeding field seeded on May 1 were 10 species (grasses ; 1, broad-leaves ; 6, sedges ; 3) and Echinochloa crus-galli was the most dominant weed among them. Whereas weed species occurred rice field seeded on May 22 were 7 species(grasses ; 1, broad-leaves : 3, ridges ; 3) and Echirochloa crus-galli was the most dominant weed among them. The weed control for annual weeds(Echinochloa crus-galli, Aneilema keisak, and so on) and perennial weeds(Cyperus serotinus, Scipurus juncoides) was remarkably effective at the application of 7 and 12 DAS, but it of Eleocharis kuroguwai was effective at the application of 17 DAS on two seeding times. The yields were decreased significantly at the plot affected severely by herbicides applied at 7 DAS and the plots showed low efficacy at herbicides application of 17 DAS.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of benzobicyclon mixtures by using Remote-controlled aerial application (RCAA) to control annual and perennial weeds in rice paddy field. Eight annual weed species including Echinochloa crus-galli L. and three perennial weeds were dominated in the experimental field. Application of benzobicyclon mixtures using RCAA was highly effective to control both annual and perennial weed species. When compared with untreated control, no visual injuries were detected at single and double dosage of benzobicyclon mixtures. Finally, rice yield in the benzobicyclon mixtures was as much as that in the hand weeding. This study indicates that benzobicyclon mixtures using RCAA can be applied to control both annual and perennial weed species in rice paddy field.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.431-434
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• 2000

To examine the allelopathic potentials of Chrysanthemum boreale, aqueous extracts and essential oil of the plant were used in these experiments. Seed germination of the receptor species was inhibited by the aqueous extracts and the inhibitory effect was increased in proportion to the concentration of extracts. In contrast, seedling elongation showed varied results. Achyranthes japonica, Bidens bipinnata, Raphanus sativus var. hortensis for. acanthiformis, Plantago asiatica, Pimpinella brachycarpa and Lactuca sativa were inhibited by increasing concentration of the aqueous extract, while Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis and Echinochloa crus-galli were stimulated by the extract. Dry weight was also inhibited proportionally by increasing concentration of the aqueous extract, while some species were stimulated by a lower concentration of the extract. The volatile substances of C. boreale did not affect the seed germination of receptor plants, but seedling elongation and dry weight of some species were inhibited dose-dependently. Root hair development of selected plants was inhibited along with the concentration of essential oil. The above mentioned results, therefore, confirmed that the natural substances from C. boreale had allelopathic potentials to other plants.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern of plants on streamside of Kyonganchon, which is a tributary of the Han River, and to determine the relationships between plant distribution and environmental factors. Fifteen study sites were selected along the Kyonganchon, and vegetation distribution pattern and soil environmental factors were determined. The most frequently ocurring species in the study sites were Persicaria thunbergii, Persicaria hydropiper, Echinochloa crus-galli and Bidens frondosa, and among them the two Persicaria species were dominants of the community. Many species showed different distribution along the stream:Chenopodium album, Equisetum arvense and Setaria viridies occurred in the upstream region, while Rumex crispus, Leonurus sibiricus and Rorippa islandica occurred in the middle and downstream regions. Analysis of soil properties showed that organic matter and clay content were higher in the upstream region while sand content was higher in the downstream region. The results of DCA ordination showed that axis one was positively correlated with organic matter and clay content and negatively correlated with sand content, indicating that the distribution pattern of vegetation along the Kyonganchon was determined by elevational gradient from upstream to downstream region or gradient of stream width and water level, and by soil organic matter content and soil texture related to these gradients.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.473-476
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• 2012

The experiment was conducted to investigate the herbicidal efficacy of imazosulfuron mefenacet by using remote-controlled aerial application (RCAA) to control annual and perennial weeds in rice paddy field. Eight annual weed species including Echinochloa crus-galli L. and three perennial weeds were dominated in the experimental field. Application of imazosulfuron mefenacet using RCAA was highly effective to control both annual and perennial weed species. No phytotoxic effect was observed in the rice based on the plant height and the number of tillers. Finally, rice yield in the imazosulfuron mefenacet treatment was as much as that in the hand weeding. This study indicates that imazosulfuron mefenacet using RCAA can be applied to control both annual and perennial weed species in rice paddy field.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1989

The seventeen barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] accessions, which were collected national-widely in 1986 and selected two times through 1987, were experimented at 1988. To identify the ecological properties of the collected accessions of native barnyardgrass species as a weed, the experiment was conducted with Wagner pots in size of I/500a and under PE film house. 1. Accessions were classified into 5 specific groups in plant type properties by use of data from plant height, number of maximum tillers, erectness, culm length and panicle type, among others. 2. As for species identification, they were clustered into 3 similar groups and 2 individual species by use of data from color, first-glumer type, and erectness. 3. Four groups were identified for elongational properties by plant height of 22 days old seedling, length of culm, panical, leaf length and width, and inter-node and spikelet, among others. 4. Properties on quanititative growth were classified into 4 groups and 1 individual accession corresponding to differential plant height of 22 days old seedling, length of culm, panical, inter-node, leaf-sheath, spikelet, first-glumes length, grain, number of tillers, spike, and grain weight. 5. Due to different daily increasing rate in seedling height, dry weight, number of tillers and ratio in dry weight to plant height, the growth rate properties were clustered into 4 groups and one individual accession. 6. Properties on seedling growth were classified into 4 groups by use of differential date in length and width of first-leaf, plant height, number of tillers, and dry weight of young and medium aged seedling. 7. Responding to heading date, the accessions were classified into 3 groups : temperative sensitive, medium, and short-day length sensitive types, respectively. 8. By integrating of all quanititative and attributable characters, the seventeen accessions were clustered into 4 groups and 2 individual accessions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.423-429
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• 2000

To understand the effects of elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature on seedling emergence of seven herbaceous species, the seedling emergence was monitored between November 1997 and May 1998 using a temperature gradient chamber and a $CO_2$-temperature gradient chamber. Experiment was conducted under current ambient condition (Control plot), 2$^{\circ}C$-warmed condition with ambient $CO_2$ (T2 Plot), 4$^{\circ}C$-warmed condition with ambient $CO_2$ (T4 plot). and 4$^{\circ}C$-warmed condition with 1.8 fold of ambient $CO_2$ (CT4 plot). Species tested in this study were Digitaria adscendens, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum bisulcatum, Setaria viridis. Oenothera biennis, Andropogon virginicus, and Imperata cylindrica. Each species often dominates in the herbaceous stage of secondary succession in Japan. The mean seedling emergence times for all species were significantly increased to 23.6 and 32.2 d in the T2 and T4 plot compared to the Control plot, respectively. The most sensitive and insensitive species in seedling emergence time in T2 plot were O. biennis and D. adscendens, respectivel.y, and those in the T4 and CT4 plot were I. cylindrica and D. adscendens, E. crus-galli and A. virginicus, respectively. All experimental species showed no significant difference in the seedling emergence rate between treatments except for O. biennis and I. cylindrica. O. biennis showed a great decrease in the seedling emergence rate from 83.3% in the Control plot to 38.0%, 14.7%, and 29.3% in the T2, T4, and CT4 plot, respectively. Elevated $CO_2$ had very little effect on the seedling emergence. From these observations, it is expected that increased temperature would greatly advance the vegetative recovery time after disturbance through the advancement of seedling emergence time.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2004

Flora of the Dokdo Islet, where located south-east from Ulnung Island, off the east coast of the Korean peninsula, recorded as 59 taxa; 29 families, 50 genus, 48 species, 1 sub-species, 9 varieties and 1 form. Dong-do (East islet) of Dokdo Islet, naturalized plants such as Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nipp-oleitera and Rumex crispus are widely ranged over the islet. The naturalizedplants affects the native species and their habitats of Artemisia japonica var. macrocephala, Echinochloa crus-galli, Sedum oryzifolium, Arabis stelleri var. japonica and Sedum kamtschaticum var takesimense in the islet. The trail in Seo-do (West islet) is heavily threatened by over-all weathering processes on the rock. The native woody species in the islet are Euonymous japonicus and Lonicera insularis, and the species such as Pinus thunbergii and Hibiscus syriacus are planted in the recent past under the IRP (Islet Restoration Program) by NGO. The Specific Plants, which is designated and categorized by the Ministry of Environment, Korea, such as Lilium lancifolium, Lysimachia mauritiana and Reynoutria sachalinensis are ranged. The ecosystem of Dokdo islet is seriously threatened by invadedplant species and building works for garrison and relevant facilities. The over-all long- and short-term strategies, based on interdisciplinary and integrated approaches for habitat restoration is needed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of sika deer fed with various roughage sources. The feeding trials were conducted at Chungnam National University and Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2007. The experimental roughages sources were five including 25 species in all; grass sources; 5 species(Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Poa pratensis, Agrostis alba and mixed grass), legume sources; 5 species(Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, Melilotus officinalis and Vicia villosa), browse sources; 5 species(Quercus serrata Thunb., Prunus jamasakura Sieb., Quercus aliena Blume, Robinia pseudoaccacia and Pinus densiflora), weed sources; 5 species(Artemisia princeps Pampanini, Erigeron canadensis, Alopecurus aegualis Sobolewski, Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea(Roxb.) Wight and Rumex crispus), and native grass sources; 5 species(Zoysia japonica Steudel, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens(Hack) Ohwi., Arundinella hirta(Thunb.) Tanaka, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Phragmites comunis Trin). Five sika deer were selected which had nearly the same body weight(average 92.5kg) as experimental animal. Experimental roughages were prepared by 0.5kg(DM basis) per 1 species fed to sika deer, and the experiment was carried out from 08:00 to the next day 06:00. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period. The sika deer ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species ranking by sika deer was observed like this: Quercus aliena Blume, Prunus jamasakura Sieb, Quercus serrata Thunb. and Trifolium pratense, respectively, and the lower intake species was Phragmites comunis Trin. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by sika deer was showed as browse(36.5%), Legumes(34.2%), grasses(14.0%), native grasses(13.5%) and weeds(1.8%), respectively. Based on the result, the food habits of sika deer seems to be closer to typically browser type.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2007

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of dairy goats fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Chungnam National University in 2007. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grass sources: 5 species (Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Poa pratensis, Agrostis alba and mixed grass, legume sources: 5 species (Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, Melilotus officinalis and Vicia villosa), browse sources : 5 species (Quercus serrata Thunb., Prunus jamasakura Sieb., Quercus aliena Blume, Robinia pseudoaccacia and Pinus densiflora), weed sources: 5 species (Artemisia princeps Pampanini, Erigeron canadensis, Alopecurus aegualis Sobolewski, Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea (Roxb.) Wight and Rumex crispus), and native grass sources: 5 species (Zoysia japonica Steudel, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens (Hack) Ohwi., Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Phragmites comunis Trin). Ten dairy goats(Saanen) were selected which had nearly the same body weight(average 31kg). Experimental roughages were prepared by 0.5kg per 1 species fed to dairy goats, and the experiment was carried out from 09:00 to 18:00. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period. The dairy goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species order by dairy goat was observed like this: perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and red clover, respectively, and the lower intake species order was Rumex crispus. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by dairy goats was showed as forage grasses (59.0%) which contained grasses(33.3%) and legumes (25.7%), browse (19.6%), weeds (15.9%) and native grasses (5.5%). Based on the result, the food intake type of dairy goats seems to be closer to grazer type.