• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2023

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced a global pandemic on March 12, 2020, the aviation industry in the world has been experiencing difficulties for a long time. Meanwhile, the Ukraine war broke out in February, and from March 15, domestic airlines must operate air routes bypassing Russian airspace despite the longer flight time. Therefore, as the flight time increases, the cosmic radiation exposure dose of the crew members is also expected to increase. Here we compare the radiation exposure dose between the route doses for the eastern United States and Europe before and after the detour route usage. Through the comparison analysis, we tried to understand how cosmic radiation changes depending on the flight time and the latitude and which one contributes more. We expect that this study can be used for the policy update for the safety management of cosmic radiation for aircrews in Korea.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.341-355
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• 1998

유라시아에 서식하는 등줄쥐 (Apodemus agrarius Pallas) 15 아종의 표본들의 31개 형태 형질의 분석을, 이들 아종들의 분류학적 위치를 검토하기 위하여, 수행하였다. 등줄쥐의 5개 주요 아군 (subgroup)이 나타났다:1. 가장 큰 형 , 한국 2개 섬 지역의 표본, 아종 chejuensis: II, 큰 형, 한국 6개 다른 지역의 표본, 아종 agrarius와 pallescens: III. 다른 큰 형, 서부 러시아 Astrachan의 표본, 아종 volgensis: IV, 중간 크기 형, 동부 아시아의 16개 지역 (북한, 중국, 동부 러시아)의 표본, 아종 coreae, manchuricus, pallidior, ningpoensis와 insulaemus): V, 작은형, 서부 아시아와 유럽의 16개 지역 (카자스탄, 러시아, 리튜아니아, 우크라이나) 의 표본, 아종 tianschancus, ognevi, agrarius, septentrianalis, nikolski, caucasicus, and karelicus). 본 형태 형질의 분석의 결과로 내린 결론은 다음과 같다. 아종 chejuensis는 Johnson과 Jones (955)이 밝힌 대로 가장 큰 형이다: 아종 pallescens는, 고 (986)가 제안한 바대로, 아종 coreae의 동종이명이다: 한국의 아종 coreae는 큰 형으로 유라시아에 서식하는 다른 12 아종과 다르다: Corbet (1978)가 제안한 동부 아종인 ningpoensis는 중간 크기의 형을 보이는 중국과 동부 러시아의 표본들 (아종 manchuricus, pallidior, ningpoensis와 insu-laemus)이며, 북한의 표본들도 포함된다: 작은 형인 서부 아시아와 유럽의 표본들 (아종 tianschanicus, ognevi, agrarius, septentrionalis, nikolski, caucasicus, and karelicus)은 Corbet (1978)가 제안한 서부 아종인 agrarius이다: 또 다른 큰 형인 서부 러시아의 아종 volgensis는 서부 아종인 agrarius와 다른 독특한 아종이다. 그러므로, 등줄쥐의 15아종은 5아종 (chejuensis, coreae, ningpoensis, agrarius. and volgensis)으로 재분류할 수가 있다고 판단되지만, 이 종의 완전한 분류를 위해서는 나머지 7개 아종 (albostriatus, maculatus, rubens, kahmanni, henrici, gloved, and harti)의 표본들의 측정과 분석이 필요하다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2013

Purpose - The structure of retailing has changed as retailers develop markets in response to business environment changes. This study aims to analyze the general situation of retailers in order to predict future global strategy using case studies of overseas expansion strategy and the Metro Group's global strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - The backgrounds to the new retail business model and retailer classification are analyzed as theoretical data. In addition, the key success point of the Metro Group's "cash and carry" strategy is analyzed as is the Metro Group's global CFAR (collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment) strategy. Finally, the plan for cooperation and precise forecasting under the Metro Group's supply chain management are analyzed from the promotion environment viewpoint. Related materials analyzed included the 2012 annual report, the Metro Group's web page, and a video interview with the executive in charge of global strategy and the new market development department. Some data were revised to avoid disrupting essential aspects of the case studies. Results - The important finding was that the Metro Group could be a world-class retail company with its successful global expansion strategy. The Metro Group's global strategy's primary goal is to have a leading business position in Eastern and Western Europe. The "cash and carry" strategy is highest priority in its overseas expansion strategy. Moreover, the Metro Group has standardized product planning capacity, which could be applied in various countries with different structural and cultural backgrounds. This is the main reason that the Metro Group could rapidly become successful in the Eastern Europe and Asian markets through its structural overseas expansion strategies. In addition, the Metro Group emphasizes the importance of supply chain management. Conclusions - First, retailers should create additional value through utilizing the domestic market, market power, and economies of scale to launch a global strategy to maximize benefits from diversification. Second, the political, economic, and cultural background of the target country needs to be understood to successfully implement the overseas expansion strategy. Third, the main factor of successful cooperation with a local partner is how quickly the company gains total understanding of the business resources and core competence of its partner. All organizations should focus on the achievement of goals in order to successfully operate the partnership. Fourth, retailers should improve their business, financial and organizational structure. Moreover, the work processes and company culture should also be improved to respond strongly in the competitive global market. Fifth, the essential point of a successful retail business is the control capacity of its branding and format. The retailer could avoid forecasting errors through supply chain management by perfectly distributing the actual amount of its inventory. In addition, the risks along the supply chain are effectively shared between the supply chain partners. Finally, the central tendency of the market is to gain in strength with this taking place across all parts of the business.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.135-156
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• 2009

EU의 동방확대가 동유럽 국가들에 가져온 경제적 효과는 긍정적이지만, 동유럽의 경제규모는 EU GDP에서 차지하는 비율은 아직 미미한 편이다. 또한 동방확대에 의해서 경제적·사회적 불균형이 확대될 수도 있다. 그러나 동유럽의 EU 가입은 대외무역 활성화와 외국인 직접투자와 기술 이전에 의한 생산성 향상 그리고 경제개혁 진전 등을 가져올 수 있다는 점에서 희망적이다. EU의 동방확대에 따른 경제 환경 변화는 러시아와 동유럽의 경제협력을 위한 새로운 패러다임 형성의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 현재 러시아와 동유럽 양자 경제교류 현실의 특징은 비대칭성이다. 현실을 반영한 보완성 패러다임 - 에너지·원료와 고부가 가치 제품의 교환 - 형성이 필요하다. 동유럽은 러시아의 일차상품에 의존한 렌트 경제인 상태이기에, 이러한 불안정성은 오히려 EU 경제에 손해를 가져올 수도 있다. 따라서 무역을 통한 경제구조의 고도화를 가능하게 하는 산업 협력 패러다임에 - 산업의 분업화에 의한 수평무역, 위탁 가공 등 - 근거한 공통경제 공간 만들기가 필요하다. EU 확대에 따른 러시아와 동유럽의 대외무역과 외국인 직접투자 환경의 변화는 산업 협력을 촉진해 새로운 경제협력 체제 구축이 가능할 것이다. 국제경제의 현 추세가 글로벌화와 지역화 경향이 동시에 이루어지는 상황에서 러시아와 EU 간의 새로운 경제협력 패러다임 구상은 중요한 문제이다. CIS 서부지역 및 에너지 안전 보장 그리고 칼리닌그라드와 경제협력 등의 지역협력 키워드가 존재하기 때문에 산업협력 패러다임을 통한 경제협력 체제 구축이 가능하다.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.191-210
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• 2022

Niklas Luhmann은 다른 학문 분야에도 막강한 영향력을 끼치고 있는 사회학자이다. 따라서 Luhmann의 이론이 후속 연구자들에게 어떤 영향력을 끼쳤는지를 검토할 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 Niklas Luhmann의 이론을 연구하는 후속연구자들의 지식 네트워크를 분석하였고, 분석 방법은 서지결합과 동시인용을 사용하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서지결합분석을 통해서는 남미·스페인어권, 서유럽·영미권, 동·북유럽 및 기타 어권으로 클러스터가 나뉘었다. 둘째, 서지결합 노드 단위 분석에서는 주로 Luhmann의 핵심 저작을 인용한 경우, Luhmann의 주변 저작들을 인용한 경우로 나뉘었다. 셋째, 동시인용분석을 통해서는 Luhmann의 저작 중 반복적으로 인용되는 핵심 저작군이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 동시인용 네트워크의 노드 단위 분석에서는 12개의 핵심 저작이 도출되었고, 핵심 저작들은 주제에 따라 4개의 저작군으로 나타났다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.231-233
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• 2004

Sequences of cytochrome b gene and control region of mitochondrial DNA from Korean common otters (Lutra lutra lutra L.) were examined to provide the genetic information for the conservation of this subspecies. Two haplotypes and one haplotype were revealed in cytochrome b gene and control region, respectively. The available sequences of European common otter (L. l. lutra) from GenBank were compared together with those of Korean common otter in order to determine the degree of sequence variation between them. In cytochrome b gene sequences, two haplotypes from Korea and two haplotypes of Europe showed differences in 12 of 1,045 sites. The Tamura-Nei nucleotide distances between two European haplotypes was 0.10% and those between two Korean haplotypes was also 0.10%, but those between Korean haplotypes and European ones ranged from 0.96% to 1.16%. In the control region, one Korean haplotype and seven European ones showed differences in seven of 300 sites; the Tamura-Nei distances among seven European haplotypes were 0.34% to 1.01%, but those between Korean haplotype and European ones ranged from 1.01% to 1.69%. Although further molecular and morphological studies with specimens from eastern Asia including Amur region and northeast China are needed, it is possible that the Korean common otter might be closer or identical to the far-eastern Asian common otter, L. l. amurensis Dybowski.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.27-29
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• 1995

Within regional and municipal planning we are using several levels or types of EIA in the city of Dresden. Some of these types, practical aspects and some experiences of our work will be presented in this contribution. Firstly I may introduce you to some general conditions for your better understanding of our principles of work. Surely you know about. the destruction of the political and economical structures in Eastern Germany since 1989. Until today our not quite simple task is to build up new ones. At the same time people were in great expectation of freedom and high standard of living as soon as possible. Economical difficulties increased in association with the breakdown of the market in Eastern Europe. How to rebuild industrial estatements and how to renew the traffic systems? We had to find answers to all these complex question. Should we only repair the former damages or could we reach a really environmental sound production for the future? The demand for a rapid economic growth is an incredible challenge for the application of new environmental ideas. I am truly not sure whether you know the city of Dresden or not. So I would like to give you a short introduction. Dresden is situated in a valley shaped by the river Elbe. There live about 500,000 people. Dresden has a great reputation for arts and sciences. Its also well know as a town of high technology industries such as electronics and optics. We restored the power plant and therefore we don't need any atomic power plants actually we haven't got one. Since 1990 there were founded many official agencies in Dresden because it is the capatal of Saxony. Considering nature and environment we there is a large forest area called "Dresdner Heide". The river Elbe and the meadows are situated on both sides of the river. There are a lot of green and free places in the city area too. Furtheron there is something unusual for a large city: about 50% of the drinking water resources mostly take place within the city itself. The origin is the ground water as well as water from the river Elbe after filtration of course.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.4821-4824
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• 2015

Gastric cancer is the 2nd most common cause of death among all cancers and is the 4th most common cancer in the world. The number of deaths due to gastric cancer is about 800,000 annually. Gastric cancer is more common in men as compared to women and is 3rd most common cancer after colorectal and breast cancers in women. A progressive rise in the incidence rate has been observed in females over the last 5 years. The highest incidence of stomach cancer is in China, South America and Eastern Europe. The incidence of gastric cancer has 20 fold variation worldwide. Global variation is linked by two factors which play important role in developing gastric cancer. One is infection with Helicobacter pylori and the $2^{nd}$ is diet. South Asia is a region with low risk, despite a high prevalence of H.pylori. Gastric carcinoma is common in southern region of India. Gastric cancer is more readily treated if diagnosed early. This study aims to provide awareness about gastric cancer as well as an updated knowledge about risk factors and epidemiology of gastric cancer in Pakistan.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-27
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• 1994

This result of the study on the costume of Osman Turkey are as following. 1. Empire of Osman Turkey(129∼1922) exerted an almost limites impact and influence on Europe and Asia during their regime 600 years. The distant ancestors of the Osman Turks were nomadic peoples, who wandered I tribal groups through the Central Asia. Therefore their costumes were based on nomadic culture. They had trade with West and East were influenced by Hellenism and Byzantium and grew, to a strong Islamic political power polygamy with which influence their clothing along with other culture. 2. Topkapi Saray was one of he principal residences of the Osman sultans and his court. Late 17 century, Topkapi Saray found many of kaftans of Osman Turks Empires of 14∼17 centuries. Otherwise we studied by the minatures of 16∼17 centuries, Since the Topkapi Saray became a museum in 1924, a program of careful restoration has made it possible to some pars of it to the public, after centuries neglection. 3. Osman Turkey Empire had important role in between West and East(silk-road). Economic, commercial, social and political factor of Turkey led to a development in the art of weaving (kema, kadife, catman, seraser, zerbeft, hatayi, kntnu, atlas)parallel to the rise and development of the Osman Turkey Empire itself, one which raised the art to a level attained nowwhere else in the world. Fabrics woven from gold and silver thread occupied a very important place in the court life of the time. This was due as much to their symbolic as to their material value, reflecting as they did the power, glory and magnificence of the Empire. 4. In order to study Eastern or Western history of costume one must study Turkey history of costume in advance. Also there is a great need of comparison to study of western, central and north eastern area history of costume.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제83권2호
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• pp.229-238
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• 1994

세계 여러지역에서 임목생장과 활력감소가 커다란 문제점으로 대두되고 있는 바, 이 논문은 북미, 유럽 그리고 동아시아에서 대기오염으로 인한 삼림피해에 관해 현재까지 알려진 바를 요약하고 있다. 오염원 주변에서의 삼림쇠퇴는 상당히 오랫동안 인지되어 왔으나, 오염원으로부터 먼거리에 이르기까지 광범위하게 피해를 준 경우는 그리 흔치 않다. 북미지역의 경우, Los Angeles와 Mexico City 주변에서 고농도의 오존으로 인해 삼림쇠퇴가 일어나고 있고, 미국 동부의 고산지대에서는 강산성의 안개에 의한 가문비나무의 내동성 감소로 피해가 있음이 밝혀지고 있다. 유럽의 경우 독일가문비나무가 Mg 결핍과 N 과다공급이 원인이 되어 피해를 입고 있는 것으로 보이며, 지역적으로 삼림쇠퇴현상이 보이기는 하지만 전체적인 임분생장량이나 현존 biomass가 1970년에 비해 1990년에 증가되었다. 동아시아의 경우, 이에 관한 연구가 초기단계에 있는 바, 중국의 여러 공업지대에서 강산성 강우현상을 보이고 삼림쇠퇴의 주원인이 대기오염일 것으로 사료되는 예가 보고되고 있으며, 한국의 대도시와 공단주변에서 대기오염에 의한 삼림피해 현상을 보이고 있다. 전체적으로 볼 때 온대림에서 광범위한 삼림쇠퇴 현상은 보이지 않고 있으며, 지역별로 상이하게 나타나는 삼림쇠퇴의 정확한 원인을 밝혀내기 쉽지 않다. 대면적에 걸쳐 나타날 수 있는 삼림피해에 대비하는 계속적인 감시와 연구가 앞으로의 과제로 남아있다.