• 한국해양학회지
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1985

A simple analytic model of the sea surface temperature(SST) is developed in order to understand the effects of the Asian monsoon and the Kuroshio on the annual variations of SST by the Asian monsoon is almost in phase with the incoming radiation whereas that by the Kuroshio is out of phase with the incoming radiation. In the Yellow Sea, due to the heat advection by the Asian monsoon, the yearly mean SST is low and the annual range of SST exceeds 20$^{\circ}C$. The annual range of SST in the northwestern Japan Sea is large because of the combined effects of the Asian monsoon and the cold water advection. In the Kuroshio and in the Tsushima Current regions, the annual range of SST is small and the mean SST is high due to the heat advection by warm currents.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.30-43
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• 2003

The geography, circulation pattern, and ecology show that the semi-closed seas of Northwest Pacific be managed as one complete system. Ongoing multilateral cooperative efforts relevant to marine environmental protection in the Northwest Pacific area, include the Working Group for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) established under the auspices of WNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commissions, the UNDP/GEF Programme on Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in East Asian Seas (PEMSEA), the North Pacific Marine Science Organization(PICES), and the United Nations Environment Programme(WNEP)'s Northwest Pacific Action Plan(NOWPAP). The present report firstly describes the current situations on the existing regional cooperative regimes for marine environmental conservation in the Northwest Pacific region, with a special respect to the Northwest Pacific Action Plan(NOWPAP) which was adopted in 1994 by Japan, People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation. Then, problems of the existing regimes are also discussed, together with the suggestion of the possible solutions, focusing on NOWPAP. Suggestions include: 1) the Northeast Asian countries should understand the importance of legally-binding regional convention, and should build up any legally-binding instrument which can function as a big umbrella for real regional cooperation without prejudice to the rights of the States, 2) At present stage, it will be possible to make a regional convention flexible without prejudice to the sovereign right of the States or territorial issues; 3) taking into account that the region often faces many generic political problems that often inhibit the effective collective actions on environmental issues, the leadership from UNEP or other international organizations is required; 4) strong institutional and financial framework should be made, and 5) multilateral efforts to respond to the new marine environmental threats should be taken at the regional level in order to protect the coastal and marine environments in the Northwest Pacific.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.974-983
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• 1997

The Okhotsk Sea is unique natural object with climatic peculiarities. The climate of the Okhotsk Sea results from the general distribution of solar radiation during a year, and the characteristics of the atmospheric circulation that varies through a year: In cold half year the main pressure formations are Siberian high and Aleutian low. Asian low centered on Afghanistan dominates over the Asian continent in summer. The North-Pacific sea surface is under effect of permanent North Pacific high. The changes in their position from year to year are very significant. The anticyclonic activity over the Far Eastern Seas is one of the main factors for the formation of weather anomalies over the adjacent territories. The analysis of summer weather characteristics over the coast of Okhotsk and East Sea using the data obtained from Hydrometeorological stations during $1949\~1990$ showed that, to a great extent, distribution of the air temperature depends on thermal state of the Okhotsk Sea and atmospheric circulation over it. We show some relations between weather characteristics and the intensity of atmospheric action center for the North Pacific high in summer when its ridge propagates to Okhotsk Sea. Correlation coefficients between air pressure over the Okhotsk Sea and air temperature for the coastal areas reach up to 0.7. Analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of main meteorological values over the Okhotsk Sea such as air pressure, and air temperature are also performed.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.140-143
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• 1999

SSH(Sea Surface Height) from TOPEX/Poseidon and SST data are analyzed to estimate characteristics of annual and inter-annual variations in the East Asian seas(110E - l80E, 20N - 50N) from November 1992 to May 1998. In EOF analysis of SSH and SST, 57% and 97% of the variance are represented by the first two modes. The first mode of SSH and SST shows strong annual variations expected for steric changes. The second mode of SSH shows a long-term variation, but that of SST shows 3 - 4month offset from annual variation. In the EOF analysis of the SSH and SST, 61% and 54% of the total variance are represented by the first three modes. The first mode represented a long-term variation, and the third mode reflected the bi-ennial variation. The first three mode were not strongly correlated with ENSO. We further apply Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCA) to find the dominant correlation patterns with ENSO.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.554-566
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• 2012

High-density temperature and salinity profiles from the successful international Argo project made it possible to reproduce the three-dimensional global ocean state in near-real time, which also increased much attention on the data analysis studies of global ocean. This paper reviewed several important issues on the recent data analysis studies such as systematic biases of XBT (eXpendable BathyThermograph) and Argo data, sea level budget discrepancy between steric height and satellite observed data, heat content change, and the current status of the development of objective analysis fields. This study also emphasized that it is required to carry out very cautious ocean data quality control and understand global-scale ocean variability prior to analyzing the regional-scale ocean climate change, particularly, in the East Asian marginal Seas.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 1999

In the Northeast Asian region fisheries agreements of the past regarding high seas as an agreement area were transformed or new agreements were introduced in order to conform to the EEZ regime. However, the existing joint regulatory zone which “open” status is somewhat similar to the high sea not only disappear, but also two new systems were established. To begin with, parties of the agreement claimed their EEZs to be from the territorial sea baselines to the extent set forth, problem of the fishery access of the other party under the agreement is to be solved on the principle of reciprocity and on recognizing of the catch results achieved in the past. In regards to the overlapping zones like neutral zone of the East Sea of Korea(Sea of Japan) and neutral zone to the south of the Cheju Island, provisional measures zones in the Yellow Sea and in the East China Sea, and transitional zone of the Yellow Sea special fisheries management systems reflecting the legal character of the zone involved are applied. Moreover, as fisheries agreements defining open sea as an agreement zone are not able to conform to the EEZ regime, so new fisheries agreements must be taken out from old systems and conceptions, and must be understood and enforced from the new point view. Therefore, countermeasures needed to do so should be developed, and their basic structure is as follows. Firstly, the basic concept of the EEZ regime requires that the coastal states have sovereign rights on their sea zones' natural resources and bear responsibilities appropriate to their allowed jurisdiction. Each Northeast Asian state should adjust the structure of fishing industries and employ advanced fisheries management system, and should make efforts toward such issues of the state policy as increasing fishery resources and preserving ocean environment. Secondly, measures should be developed to solve the international fisheries disputes which are to occur under enforcement of the new fisheries agreements system. In regards to the acts of violation the fisheries laws in the foreign EEZ the principle of jail sentence prohibition is established by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and every fisheries agreement reflects this principle. Therefore, the present question is to consider concrete measures to enable the easy release of the seamen, who violated fisheries laws slightly and well-intently, through establishment and management of the guarantee fund needed to make collateral reasonable. Thirdly, Korean-Russian and Russian-Japanese fisheries relations were formed on the basis of the EEZ regime, since 1992 and 1977 respectively, and are expected to maintain mutually beneficial cooperative character. As for Korean-Chinese-Japanese fisheries relations, the operational problems of overlapping zones, and problem of the permits for EEZ mutual access should be solved on the basis of the principle of reciprocity and equity rather than unilaterally from any side.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.42
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• pp.45-73
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• 2022

The phenomenon of veneration for Queen Mother of the West [西王母 Chn: Xiwangmu Kr: Seowangmo] is a 'cultural flow' that has garnered great interest not only in China but also in Korea for many years. To properly understand the cultural trend regarding the Queen Mother of the West, it is essential to view the related mythology as it corresponds to East Asian women as well as the transformation of society's view of women. In addition to the outcomes that result from the establishment of a patriarchal society, the relationship between goddesses and gods gradually becomes a relationship of discrimination based upon differences. Accordingly, as women change into objects that are given meaning rather than subjects that give meaning, the de-sacredization of the goddess occurs. This paper focused on the changes in the perception of the Queen Mother of the West from the view of Yin-Yang theory. This approach shows a transition process of transforming wherein she has morphed into an assistant or spouse of a god as part of a trend that deemphasizes the divinity of her as a stand-alone goddess. Yin-Yang theory is the key to understanding culture, history, and art as well as Chinese philosophy. This key can be further applied to the theme of women in mythology. What is particularly noteworthy about the process by which the Queen Mother of the West was defined as a goddess is that she was original described as half-human and half-beast and yet by the time her depictions became fully human and fully woman, she was described instead as an absolute beauty endowed with great artistic talent. In this paper, it will be revealed that the perception of the Queen Mother of the West, as an absolute beauty and artistic talent, is embedded with the male societal desire for an image of the feminine as understood via Yin-Yang theory. Queen Mother of the West as she was depicted in the Classic of Mountains and Seas (山海經 Chn: Shanhaijing Kr: Sanhaegyeong) had a half-human half-beast form that instilled people with fear of disasters and punishments from heaven. However, in the Han Dynasty, her religious significance became that of an object to ward off evil and attain blessings. By the time of the novel, Tales of the Strange (志怪小說 Chn: Zhiguaixiaoshuo Kr: Jigoesoseol), from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, she was transformed into a goddess in the image of beautiful woman in charge longevity and immortality. From the perspective of Yin-Yang theory, the changes in the perception of Queen Mother of the West was found to contain the following meaning: as an extension of the establishment of a patriarchal system and subordinate laws, her new form was made to be pleasing to the male gaze and Yin-Yang theory was brought in to support those changes later.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.413-430
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• 2012

To understand the scales of the spatial distribution and temporal duration of the subsurface chlorophyll-a maximum (SCM) observed in the Ulleung Basin of the East Sea, we analyzed physical and chemical data collected during the East Asian Seas Time-series-I (EAST-I) program. The SCM layer occurred at several observation lines from the Korea Strait to $37.9^{\circ}N$ in the Ulleung Basin during August of 2008 and 2011. At each observation line, the SCM layer extended from the coast to about 200 km off the coast. The SCM layer was observed between 30 and 40 m depth in the Ulleung Basin as well as in the northwestern Japan Basin along $132.3^{\circ}E$ from $38^{\circ}N$ to $42.3^{\circ}N$ during July 2009, and was observed around 50 m depth in the northeastern Japan Basin ($135-140^{\circ}E$ and $40-45^{\circ}N$) during July 2010. From these observed features, we hypothesize that the SCM layer observed in the Ulleung Basin may exist in most of the East Sea and may last for at least half-year (from the early May to late October). The nutrient supply mechanism for prolonged the SCM layer in the East Sea was not known, but it may be closely related to the horizontal advection of the nutrient rich and low oxygen waters observed in the Korea Strait between a 50 m depth to near the bottom. The prolonged development of the SCM layer in the Ulleung Basin may result in high primary production and would also be responsible for the high organic carbon content observed in the surface sediment of the region.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_1
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• pp.975-987
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• 2021

Potential habitat mapping of Meretrix lyrata which is found in large parts of South East Asian tidal flat was carried out to find out causes of collective death. Frequency Ratio (FR) method, one of geospatialstatistical method, was employed with some benthic environmental factors; Digital elevation model (DEM) made from Landsat imagery, slope, tidal channel distance, tidal channel density, sedimentary facesfrom WorldView-02 image. Field survey was carried out to measure elevation of each station and to collect surface sediment and benthos samples. Potential habitat maps of the all clams and the juvenile clams were made and accuracy of each map showed a good performance, 76.82 % and 69.51 %. Both adult and juvenile clams prefer sand dominant tidal flat. But suitable elevation of adult clams is ranged from -0.2 to 0.2 m, and that of juvenile clams is ranged from 0 to 0.3 m. Tidal channel didn't affect the habitat of juvenile clams, but it affected the adult clams. In the furtherstudy, comparison with case of Korean tidal flat will be carried out to improve a performance of the potential habitat map. Change in the benthic echo-system caused by climate change will be predictable through potential habitat mapping of macro benthos.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_2
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• pp.1635-1650
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• 2023

Under global warming, the steadily increasing sea surface temperature (SST) severely impacts marine ecosystems,such as the productivity decrease and change in marine species distribution. Recently, the catch of Todarodes Pacificus, one of South Korea's primary marine resources, has dramatically decreased. In this study, we analyze the marine environment that affects the formation of fishing grounds of Todarodes Pacificus and develop seasonal habitat suitability index (HSI) models based on various satellite data including Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) data to continuously manage fisheries resources over Korean exclusive economic zone. About 83% of catches are found within the range of SST of 14.11-26.16℃,sea level height of 0.56-0.82 m, chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.31-1.52 mg m^-3, and primary production of 580.96-1574.13 mg C m^-2 day^-1. The seasonal HSI models are developed using the Arithmetic Mean Model, which showed the best performance. Comparing the developed HSI value with the 2019 catch data, it is confirmed that the HSI model is valid because the fishing grounds are formed in different sea regions by season (East Sea in winter and Yellow Sea in summer) and the high HSI (> 0.6) concurrences to areas with the high catch. In addition, we identified the significant increasing trend in SST over study regions, which is highly related to the formation of fishing grounds of Todarodes Pacificus. We can expect the fishing grounds will be changed by accelerating ocean warming in the future. Continuous HSI monitoring is necessary to manage fisheries' spatial and temporal distribution.