• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.207-217
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the seasonal changes in vitamin D levels in a healthy pediatric population living in mid-latitude East Asian urban areas. Methods: A pediatric population was selected from single secondary hospital visitors. Clinical data and serum vitamin D levels were collected retrospectively. Statistical analyses were performed based on the month of the blood sampling date, subject age, and vitamin D supplementation history. The data were categorized into three subgroups based on serum vitamin D levels-adequate (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (20-29 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Results: Of the 481 patients, 172 had vitamin D supplementation history. More than 70% of the total study population had inadequate vitamin D levels (<30 ng/mL). The non-supplemented group and the supplemented group showed significantly uneven monthly distribution of the adequate, insufficient, and deficient subgroups. Only the non-supplemented group showed significantly different average vitamin D levels in the summer months compared to the winter months. In the non-supplemented group, vitamin D levels were the lowest in March, the highest in August and September. Significant relevance was noted between vitamin D supplementation status and vitamin D serum level in February and March. There was no significant difference between different age groups in terms of the distribution of vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Currently-widespread vitamin D replacement methods seem to have some effect on increasing the overall serum vitamin D levels, specifically during late winter when natural serum vitamin D levels plunge. However, they are unable to fully compensate the seasonal fluctuation.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.237-251
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• 2011

이 연구에서는 한반도에서 나타난 기후변화 추세를 요약하고 그 원인을 평가하였다. 인간 활동에 기인한 기후 변화는 한반도 지역에 상대적으로 빠른 변화를 유도하였다. 지난 10년간 한반도 지역의 이산화탄소 농도는 전 지구 평균보다 빠르게 상승했으며, 평균기온 역시 지구평균 기온보다 크게 증가하였다. 또한, 혹한기온 발생은 감소하고, 혹서기온 발생은 증가하여 평균 기온의 상승을 유도하였고, 지표면 녹지화(greenness) 역시 상대적으로 빠르게 진행되었다. 한편, 한반도의 1990년 이후의 여름철 평균 강수는 그 이전에 비해 15 % 정도 증가하였다. 이는 8월 강수량의 증가에 기인한 것이며, 장마 기간 동안의 평균 강수량은 오히려 약 5 % 감소하였다. 집중호우의 경우 1970년대 후반을 기점으로 증가하는 양상을 보이고 있으며, 남부지역을 중심으로 강수가 없던 날의 지속일수 역시 다소 증가하여, 강수의 지속성은 약해지고 집중성이 점차 증가하고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 또한, 강한 태풍의 발생 빈도가 다소 증가하고 있으며, 최근 10년 동안에는 한반도 남동쪽으로 상륙하는 태풍의 수가 증가 추세를 보이고 있다. 한편, 도시화 효과에 의한 기온 증가는 1950년대 이후 뚜렷한 증가 추세를 보이고 있는데, 한반도 평균기온 증가의 약 28%가 도시화 효과에 의한 것이라 할 수 있다. 엘니뇨 해의 한반도 겨울철 평균 기온은 대체로 평년보다 높았으며, 여름철 평균 기온은 평년보다 낮았다. 여름철 강수의 경우 엘니뇨 해에 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 최근 들어 발생 빈도가 증가하기 시작한 중태평양 엘니뇨의 발달시기에는 한반도에 온난한 여름 가을을 유도하는 것으로 보고되었다. 기후변화 탐지와 원인규명은 미래 기후변화 전망의 신뢰성을 높이는데 필수적인 요건으로, 앞으로 보다 포괄적인 연구가 요구된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.214-226
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• 2007

강수는 다양한 대기 변수들의 영향으로 나타나기 때문에 비선형성이 매우 강하다. 따라서 역학 모형을 통해 예측된 강수의 보정은 비선형 모형인 인공 신경망 등을 통해 가능할 것이지만, 인공 신경망의 경우 초기 가중치 선택, 지역 최소화 문제, 뉴런의 수 결정 등의 문제로 인한 한계가 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 다중 선형 회귀 모형을 이용하여 CGCM에 의해 모사된 강수를 보정하였으며, 예측성을 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 우선 PNU/CME 접합 대순환 모형(Coupled General Circulation model, CGCM)(박혜선과 안중배, 2004)을 이용하여 1979년부터 2005년까지 매해 4월부터 8월까지 5개월간 앙상블 적분을 하였다. 적분 결과 중 한반도를 포함한 동북아시아 지역$(110^{\circ}E-145^{\circ}E,\;25^{\circ}N-55^{\circ}N)$의 여름철인 6월(리드 2), 7월(리드 3), 8월(리드 4) 및 여름철 평균인 JJA(from June to August) 기간의 PNU/CME CGCM에 의해 모사된 강수를 보정하기 위해 다중 선형 회귀(Multiple Linear Regression, MLR)를 이용하였다. PNU/CME 접합 대순환 모형의 결과 중 강수, 500 hPa 연직 속도, 200 hPa 발산장, 지상 기온 등의 예측 인자와 관측 강수와의 선형적인 관계를 이용하여 MLR 모형을 구축하였다. 그리고 교차 검증(cross- validation)을 수행하여 PNU/CME 접합 대순환 모형의 결과와 교차 검증 결과를 비교하였다. 상관계수, 적중률 (hit rate), 오보율(false alarm rate) 그리고 Heidke 기술 점수(Heidke skill score) 등을 살펴본 바, 보정하지 않은 모형의 결과에 비해 MLR 모형을 이용하여 보정한 결과의 강수에 대한 예측성이 뛰어난 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.758-771
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• 2012

This research contains awareness of antioxidant and intakes of antioxidant foods for the present evaluate college students in Seoul, 375 patients were investigated. The subjects, the woman college student more than male's responded, showed a uniform distribution in the allowance, grade and the most type of residence is living apart from their family. All male and female college students recognize a lot about health, but male college students had higher than female students interested in the health, on the other hand, female college students had higher than male college students for the health efforts for the promotion of a healthy. Awareness about the oxide and active oxygen is moderate level, but knowledge about active oxygen is low level, they responded that active oxygen was caused when received stress or do strenuous exercise. General Health Functional Foods recognized that the usual intake, but intake of antioxidant was when the activity was caused by active oxygen. They recognized that the antioxidant effect is anti-aging and vitamin, wine and tea, were perceived as antioxidant foods, are popularly known. Usually, people was initially recognized through the internet in university or high school, they desire to obtain information was high but the effort to gain understanding and knowledge about antioxidant are relatively low. The result of comparing the difference of natural antioxidant foods and antioxidant healthy functional foods, recognizes of effects and absorption rate are similar, but recognizes that natural food intake is better recognition in the economics and health functional food is better recognition in the easy intake and nature foods was more preferred than functional foods because of nature friendly. Trying to intake of antioxidant foods is low, but people is expected anti-aging and fatigue recovery through the intake of antioxidant food. People think that intake is irrelevant to the season, but summer is higher than other seasons. Showed that efficacy perceptions about health supplements are higher, but efficacy perceptions about antioxidant health supplements when ingested are at a moderate level, which is lower, due to low antioxidant for understanding. Antioxidant functional health food intake will be affected the gifts or the people around them and purchase is also more influenced by surround people than themselves. So showed that most college students prefer natural antioxidant foods than antioxidant health supplements, in case of ingested antioxidant health supplements also showed that it was consumed by surround people than personal will.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.105-114
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• 1996

Aspergillus flavus를 포함한 수종의 곰팡이들은 사람과 가축에 독성이 있는 저분자의 2차대사산물을 생산하며 이를 mycotoxin이라고 부른다. 우리나라 여름과 같은 적당한 온도와 습도는 유해곰팡이의 성장이 가능하여 쌀, 보리, 옥수수, 메주, 된장, 간장 및 고추장과 같은 전통식품 및 그 재료와 같은 대부분의 유기물질에서 mycotoxin이 생산될 수 있다. 지금까지 여러 사람들은 Aspergillus속, Penicillium속, Fusarium속 곰팡이를 전통식품과 그 재료로부터 분리하였으며, 그 중에서 여러 mycotoxin을 생산하는 곰팡이를 검색하였다. 또한 상기와 비슷한 시료에서 aflatoxin, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol(DON) 및 zearalenone 등의 mycotoxin오염을 확인하기도 했다. 그러나 이러한 자료들은 실험조건과 방법에서 서로 상이하며 일관성이 결여되어있고, 특히 대부분의 실험들이 일과성으로 끝났기 때문에 곰팡이독소를 중심으로 하여 전통식품을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해서는 보다 지속적이고 합리적인 실험방법과 재료가 요구된다. 이러한 목적을 위해서는 새로운 첨단기술을 응용하여 mycotoxin을 보다 간편하고 신속히 분석할 수 있는 방법을 개발해야하며, 또한 보다 지속적인 연구비 투자와 연구시설의 확충으로 연구의 활성화와 기술축적을 위한 노력을 해야할 것이다. 이 같은 합리적인 노력으로 전통식품의 mycotoxin 오염여부를 지속적으로 조사하고, 아울러 우리 전통식품의 안전성을 확보하는 것이 가능하며 그 결과 국제화 시대에 부응하는 보다나은 전통식품의 보존과 개발이 이루어지게 될 것이다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.149-160
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• 1999

This paper is intended to find out what kinds of fruits are mentioned in the Bible and how they were used in those days. It has also analyzed in what terms they are expressed in the Korean Version of the Bible and studied agricultural regulations involved in the religion, and allegorical uses of the fruits. Olives were the primary fruit in the economy of the ancient times, followed by figs and vines. In addition, there are mentioned in the Bible almonds, apples, dates. mulberries and pomegranates. Olive trees have been grown for more than six thousand years. The Hebrew word. Zayit is mentioned in the Bible more than fifty times. Olive trees are not so beautiful in themselves but as they give us humans abundant reap and a lot of oil, they have been thought to be beautiful. Olive trees grow well on the seaside in the salty air and fog. Vines began to grown as early as in the Bronze Age(the period of 3000 to 2000 B.C.). In Northern Greece, grape seeds were found to belong to the year 4500 B.C. or so. The vine gardens produced raisins and wine as well as vines. Figs are the fruit which are first mentioned in the Bible(Genesis 3:7) and they were the precious product of the Palestine people, which is described in Deuteronomy 8:8. Figs are sweet and watery and can easily quench thirst on hot summer days. They were used for cookies and wine in the raw or dried state. An apple, which is tappuah in Hebrew, is mentioned as 'Sagwa' six times in the Revised Korean Version, and in the Korean Joint Version it is twice mentioned as 'Sagwa' and as 'Neungum' four times. In ASV and KJV, 'apple' appears eleven times. which is because' the apple of eye' is translated in the 'Nun-dong-ja(the pupil of the eye)'In the Korean Version. 'Sagwa(apple)'of Proverb 25:11, the Song of Songs 2:3, 2:5, 7:8, 8:5 and Joel 1 :12 have been thought to be doubtful. because apple trees cannot be grown in the areas mentioned in the Bible. Some maintain that the apples in the Bible refer to apricots(Prunus armeniaca, Citrus medica L.) or golden oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Obsbeck) which is confusing. In the Revised Korean Version, 'Salgu(apricots)' appears eight times while ASV and KJV translate almond into 'Salgu'. So since translating a genuine apricot into 'Salgu' can be confusing, a great care should be taken in the translation into Korean. Some hold that as some papyri arround the year 1200 B.C. describes pomegranate, apple, olive and fig trees growing on the Nile delta, tappuah rightly refers to 'Sagwa(apple)' In the Korean Joint Version, Sagwa and Neungum are used together to refer to the same fruit, which should be avoided. It is desirable to use the same word for the same thing. Sagwa' showing up six times In the HeL.Ised Korean Version should all be replaced by 'Neungum' Dates symbolized peace and abundance were used for food in the raw or dried state, and were made into honey. Pomegranates can be eaten in the raw state and be used for sherbets and wine. Juice made of promegranates can be mixed with wine and drunk.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.277-293
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• 2008

We conducted a consensual, expansive, and successive study to compare cultural differences and similarities between Korean, Chinese and Japanese's Seasonal Festivals and Foods documentarily. It showed interesting results that the three countries had celebrated with similar meanings, and shared similar events and special foods. Seasonal Festivals happen throughout the year sequentially: the New Year Day, January $15^{th}$(first full moon festival), March $3^{rd}$(double three day), May $5^{th}$(double five day), July $7^{th}$(double seven day) and finally the Year Farewell Festival. While, the festival of a royal birthday of Buddha happens on April $8^{th}$ in both countries: Korea and Japan. There is also one of the big festivals called the harvest moon festival on August $15^{th}$, and this event celebrates with special foods both in Korea and China. On December $23^{th}$, it is a special day for both Chinese and Japanese, but they celebrate the day with different meanings to it. Three countries have a special seasonal event celebrated each other. Koreans have a special event called Sambok to overcome summer with special food during a middle of June to the beginning of July. Chinese have a special event for overcoming winter with soup on December $8^{th}$. Japanese have a special event with rice cake to safety on January $11^{th}$. On these seasonal festivals, it is different to note that two different kinds of calendars are used. The lunar calendar is used by Koreans and Chinese whereas the solar calendar is used by Japanese. Because of the similarity in Buddhism, and agricultural industry, and especially sharing Chinese Characters in words, these three countries have in common in many ways to celebrate Seasonal Festival, and it is very unique custom in the world. Nowadays; however, these traditional events and special foods are changing in more simplified version and almost disappearing in all three countries. Therefore, we suggest that the Seasonal Festivals and Foods should be more emphasized in flourishing and exchanging between Korea, China and Japan.

• 대기
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.527-538
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• 2013

In this study, climate over Korea based on the Historical scenario induced by HadGEM2-AO is simulated by WRF. For this purpose, a system that can be used be for numerical integration over the Far East Asian area of the center of the Korean Peninsula with 12.5 km-horizontal resolution was set-up at "Haebit", the early portion of KMA Supercomputer Unit-3. Using the system, the downscaling experiments were conducted for the period 1979-2010. The simulated results of HadGEM2-AO and WRF are presented in terms of 2 m-temperature and precipitation during boreal summer and winter of Historical for the period 1981~2005, compared with observation. As for the mean 2 m-temperature, the general patterns of HadGEM2-AO and WRF are similar with observation although WRF showed lower values than observation due to the systematic bias. WRF reproduced a feature of the terrain-following characteristics reasonably well owing to the increased horizontal resolution. Both of the models simulated the observed precipitation pattern for DJF than JJA reasonably, while the rainfall over the Korean Peninsula in JJA is less than observation. HadGEM2-AO in DJF 2 m-temperature and JJA precipitation has warm and dry biases over the Korean Peninsula, respectively. WRF showed cold bias over JJA 2 m-temperature and wet bias over DJF precipitation. The larger bias in WRF was attributed to the addition of HadGEM2-AO's bias to WRF's systematic bias. Spatial correlation analysis revealed that HadGEM2-AO and WRF had above 0.8 correlation coefficients except for JJA precipitation. In the EOF analysis, both models results explained basically same phase changes and variation as observation. Despite the difference in mean and bias fields for both models, the variabilities of the two models were almost similar with observation in many respects, implying that the downscaled results can be effectively used for the study of regional climate around the Korean Peninsula.

• 대기
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2011

This study revisits the definition of Changma, which is the major rainy season in Korea and corresponds to a regional component of the East Asian summer monsoon system. In spite of several decades of researches on Changma, questions still remain on many aspects of Changma that include its proper definition, determination of its onset and retreat, and relevant large-scale dynamical and thermodynamical features. Therefore, this study clarifies the definition of Changma (which is a starting point for the study of interannual and interdecadal variability) using a basic concept of air mass and front by calculating equivalent potential temperature (${\theta}_e$) that considers air temperature and humidity simultaneously. A negative peak in the meridional gradient of this quantity signifies the approximate location of Changma front. This front has previously been recognized as the boundary between the tropical North Pacific air mass and cold Okhotsk sea air mass. However, this study identifies three more important air masses affecting Changma: the tropical monsoon air mass related to the intertropical convergence zone over Southeast Asia and South China Sea, the tropical continental air mass over North China, and intermittently polar continental air mass. The variations of these five air masses lead to complicated evolution of Changma and modulate intensity, onset and withdrawal dates, and duration of Changma on the interannual time scale. Importantly, use of ${\theta}_e$, 500-hPa geopotential height and 200 hPa zonal wind fields for determining Changma onset and withdrawal dates results in a significant increase (up to~57%) in the hindcast skill compared to a previous study.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.52-64
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• 2015

본 연구는 동아시아 삼국 한국, 중국 그리고 일본 고정원 문화의 정수이자 역사적 배경과 정치, 문화적 관계성 등을 공간적으로 잘 대변할 수 있는 궁궐정원을 대상으로 형성배경, 입지와 배치, 공간구성, 공간구성요소 그리고 조성계획 및 경관연출기법과 조망적 특징을 비교, 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 유사한 위상을 가진 한국의 창덕궁, 중국의 이화원 그리고 일본의 선동어소를 선정하여 3국의 궁궐정원에 대한 이해와 연구기반을 구축하고자 하였다. 또한 경관 연출을 중심으로 한중일 궁궐정원의 원형에 대한 비교와 분석을 통해 동질성(유사성) 및 이질성(차별성)을 찾아 한중일 궁궐정원이 가지는 정체성을 규명하고 나아가 한국 궁궐정원이 가지는 가치를 제시하고자 하였다. 동질성과 이질성을 기반으로 도출된 비교특성은 다음과 같다. 첫째 자연을 훼손하지 않은 정원의 조성으로 자연에 순응한 한국 고유의 양식을 보여준다. 둘째 동아시아적 사상을 반영한 다양한 상징적 정원요소가 표현되고 있다. 우리 궁궐정원의 발달에 있어 중국의 사상과 기술, 기법 등이 큰 영향을 끼쳤고 또한 유사한 방식으로 공간에 구현되었음을 알 수 있다. 수경관을 적극적으로 활용한 유사함은 한국과 중국뿐만 아니라 일본에서도 찾을 수 있다. 셋째 창덕궁 후원은 엄격한 왕권의 권위보다 풍류적 취향의 문화 예술적 수용체 역할을 하였다. 창덕궁과 이화원, 그리고 선동어소가 문화수용체의 성격을 지니듯이 한중일 3국이 문화적으로 긴밀하게 연결되어 있음에도 그 형태와 재현의 방법이 다르며 각각 독자적인 궁정정원의 양식을 수립할 수 있었던 것은 각 정원이 각 나라 고유의 문화와 예술을 수용하면서 발전해왔기 때문이다.