• 제목/요약/키워드: Early iron age

검색결과 60건 처리시간 0.022초

울릉도(鬱陵島) 북부(北部) 알칼리 화산암류(火山岩類)에 대(對)한 암석학적(岩石學的) 연구(硏究) (Petrology of Alkali Volcanic Rocks in Northern part of Ulrung Island)

  • 김윤규;이대성
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.19-36
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    • 1983
  • The study revealed that the sequence of volcanism in Ulrung island can be classified into 5 stages, and the volcanic history is summerized as follow: 1st stage: Eruption of basaltic agglomerates, tuffs and lavas, 2nd stage: Eruption of trachytic and trachyandesitic agglomerates and tuffs, 3rd stage: Eruption of trachyte lavas and their lapilli tuffs, 4th stage: Eruption of trachyte lavas and nepheline phonolites, 5th stage: Eruption of pumice, trachytic ash and lapilli, and plutonic ejecta (fragments of alkali gabbro, monzonite and alkali feldspar syenite) and a subsequent caldera formation. Finally, a small scale eruption of leucite bearing trachyandesite lava in the caldera. Several evidences show that there have been long erosional intervals between the 1st and 2nd stages and between the 4th and 5th stages. A K-Ar age for trachybasalt lava of the 1st stage was determined to be 1.8 Ma, and a $C^{14}$ age, 9300Y. (Machida, 1981) is available for these volcanic events. Therefore, it is considered that volcanic activity of the island above sea level began at least in early Pleistocene, and continued to until 9300 years ago exploding large amount of pumice, prior to pouring out of leucite bearing trachyandesite from the inner caldera. Using solidification index (SI) of Kuno, microscopic texture and mineral composition as criteria of the classification, the volcanic rocks are classified into alkali basalt, trachybasalt, trachyandesite, trachyte and phonolite. These are mostly prophyritic in texture. Main constituent minerals of alkali basalt and trachybasalt are plagioclase, olivine, Ti-augite and magnetite. Principal minerals of trachyandesite are plagioclase, anorthoclase, clinopyroxenes, kaersutite, biotite and magnetite. Trachyte and phonolite consist mainly of anorthoclase, clinopyroxene and magnetite, showing typical trachytic texture in groundmass. In solidification index, alkali basalt ranges from 39 to 27, trachybasalt 17 to 14, trachyandesite 12 to 9 and trachyte 8.15 to 0.72. A trend of compositional variation showing a typical alkali volcanic rock series is revealed on $SiO_2$-oxides and SI-oxides diagrams. In $SiO_2$-total alkali diagram, alkali lime index and An-Ab'-Or diagram, the samples fall into the fields of potassic series of the alkali volcanic rock series, whereas in A-F-M diagram show a trend toward the alkali enrichment with a curve approaching toward the iron apex. In particular, trachybasalt lavas in this island have higher total iron contents which is comparable to alkali rocks in other areas, e. g. as Gough and Tristan volcanic islands located near the Mid-Oceanic ridge in South Atlantic Ocean.

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점토대토기의 실연대 -세형동검문화의 성립과 철기의 출현연대- (The Calendar Date of Pottery with Ring-Rim -Appearance Date of the Slim Bronze Dagger Culture and Ironware-)

  • 이창희
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.48-101
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    • 2010
  • 이 논문은 한반도 남부와 일본열도 서반부를 중심으로 한 지역에 있어서 금속기의 생산과 유통이 활발했던 시기의 실연대를 $^{14}C$연대측정을 통해 추정한 글이다. 이 시기의 일상용기였던 점토대토기의 실연대를 구축하여, 토기와 금속기의 고고학적 출토양상을 통해 세형동검문화의 성립과 철기의 출현연대를 밝히고자 하였다. 연구사를 통해 점토대토기 기원전 300년 상한설이 학계의 대세임을 알 수 있는데, 이는 현재에도 계속해서 지지되고 있다. 이것은 세형동검문화의 성립연대와 초기철기시대의 개시연대와도 연동되고 있는 것이다. 한편에서는 세형동검문화와 원형점토대토기문화의 성립을 동일시하는 견해를 지지하지 않는 연구자도 있으며, 목탄의 $^{14}C$연대를 통해 점토대토기의 출현시기를 올려 보는 분위기가 형성되고 있었다. 연구사에서 드러난 문제점을 지적하면서, 필자가 직접 조사를 통해 채취 처리한 시료를 중심으로 $^{14}C$연대측정을 실시, 그 결과를 바탕으로 점토대토기의 실연대를 구축하였는데, 그 시료는 약 100점에 달한다. 원형점토대토기는 기원전 6세기에 출현했을 가능성이 높고, 삼각형점토대토기는 기원전 300년 전후에 출현한 것으로 파악하였다. 철기는 원형점토대토기의 가장 늦은 단계에 출현하기 때문에 그 출현연대를 기원전 4세기라고 볼 수 있는데, 이는 실제로 철기와 원형점토대토기가 공반된 유적의 $^{14}C$연대와도 정합적이었다. 이를 통해 기원전 4세기 초~중엽일 가능성을 제시하였고, 초기 철기가 출토된 유적보다 확실히 이전 단계에 해당되는 초창기의 세형동검문화는 기원전 5세기 후반으로 파악하였다. 이렇게 파악된 실연대는 야요이토기와의 병행관계 및 $^{14}C$연대와도 정합적이며, 고고학적 사실에 근거한 것이기 때문에 가능성 높은 연대라고 할 수 있다. $^{14}C$연대를 통한 한일 공통의 편년이 처음으로 구축된 것이다. 새로이 구축된 점토대토기의 실연대에 의하면, 현재 학계의 일반적인 시대구분과는 맞지 않기 때문에, 연대의 조정을 통해 새로운 수정안을 제시하였다. 철기의 출현시기(기원전 4세기 초~중엽)부터 초기 철기시대로 하여, 청동기시대는 원형점토대토기 단계의 상당 부분과 세형동검문화를 포함하는 것으로 보았다. 이를 청동기시대 후기로 설정하여, 송국리식을 중기로 하는 안을 제시하였다.

Effect of Iron Ore Tailings Replacing Porous Basalt on Properties of Cement Stabilized Macadam

  • Qifang Ren;Fan Bu;Qinglin Huang;Haijun Yin;Yuelei Zhu;Rui Ma;Yi Ding;Libing Zhang;Jingchun Li;Lin Ju;Yanyan Wang;Wei Xu;Haixia Ji;Won-Chun Oh
    • 한국재료학회지
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    • 제34권6호
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    • pp.291-302
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    • 2024
  • In this paper, iron ore tailings (IOT) were separated from the tailings field and used to prepare cement stabilized macadam (CSM) with porous basalt aggregate. First, the basic properties of the raw materials were studied. Porous basalt was replaced by IOT at ratios of 0, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 % as fine aggregate to prepare CSM, and the effects of different cement dosage (4 %, 5 %, 6 %) on CSM performance were also investigated. CSM's durability and mechanical performance with ages of 7 d, 28 d, and 90 d were studied with the unconfined compression strength test, splitting tensile strength test, compressive modulus test and freeze-thaw test, respectively. The changes in Ca2+ content in CSM of different ages and different IOT ratios were analyzed by the ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration method, and the micro-morphology of CSM with different ages and different IOT replaced ratio were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that with the same cement dosage, the strengths of the IOT-replaced CSM were weaker than that of the porous basalt aggregate at early stage, and the strength was highest at the replaced ratio of 60 %. With a cement dosage of 4 %, the unconfined compressive strength of CSM without IOT was increased by 6.78 % at ages from 28 d to 90 d, while the splitting tensile strength increased by 7.89 %. However, once the IOT replaced ratio reached 100 %, the values increased by about 76.24 % and 17.78 %, which was better than 0 % IOT. The CSM-IOT performed better than the porous basalt CSM at 90 d age. This means IOT can replace porous basalt fine aggregate as a pavement base.

전북 순창 동촌유적 출토 청동기의 원료 산지연구 (Scientific Analysis and Provenance Study of Bronze Artifacts Excavated from Dongchon Site in Sunchang, Jeollabuk-do, Korea)

  • 배고운;정광용
    • 보존과학회지
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.101-108
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    • 2016
  • 전북 순창 동촌유적 출토 청동기 4점에서 수습한 극미량의 시료를 대상으로 청동기 제작에 사용된 원료의 산지를 규명하고자 하였다. 납동위원소비 분석 결과를 동북아지역 방연석 광산 분포도 및 한반도 납동위원소 분포도와 비교한 결과 동부는 출토지와 인접한 옥천변성대 및 영남육괴지역, 나머지 3점은 중국 북부의 원료를 사용하였을 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 또한 익산 용제리유적 출토 세형동검 및 완주 덕동유적 출토 청동기 일부와 동촌유적 출토 동부의 경우 원료 산지 분석 결과가 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 인근의 유사 지역에서 입수한 원료를 사용하였거나 동일한 공방에서 제작하여 여러 지역으로 전파되었을 것으로 추정된다. 향후 유사지역 출토 청동기의 원료 산지에 대한 추가 연구와 더불어 본 연구결과를 참고자료로 활용하여 초기철기시대 전북지역 청동기의 원료 산지 및 유통 과정에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Prevalence of Drug Abuse and Smoking and Dietary Behavior of Male Students at Technical High School

  • Kim, Sun-Hee;Han, Kyung-Hee
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제31권5호
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    • pp.939-948
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    • 1998
  • To investigate the relationship between eating behavior and the prevalence of adolescents drug abuse and smoking, this survey was conducted among 349 male students(mean age ; 16.0 $\pm$0.9yrs) at technical high schools in Kyunggi-Do. It was shown that 58.7% of total subjects were smoking and 11.2% were abusing drugs. Drug abusers weighed Less than non-abusers especially, student smokers were 2.7kg lighter than non-smokers despite the same height. Although parents' education showed no relationship with drug abuse, educational level of student smokers' fathers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers' fathers. Drug abusers and smokers showed significantly higher incidence of runaway from home, absence from school without notice, and parents' divorce than non-abusers and non-smokers. Drugs abused were sleeping pills(n=20), bonds and butane gas(n=9), marijuana(n=3), tranquilizer(n=3), morphine and cocaine(n=2), and pep pills like amphetamine(n=2) 76.9% of the drug abusers had their first experience in junior high school and 81% of the smokers stared smoking as early as in junior high school. Also, 44% of the smokers reported that they smoke daily. The drug abusers tended to have more irregular eating habits than the non-abusers. The smokers showed irregular mealtime, ate either too fast or too slow, and especially, often skipped lunch or dinner. The drug abusers and smokers took little vegetable in their meals and often ate bread or noodles instead of rice for staples. In addition, they preferred taste to nutrition when they had meals. The smokers tended to ingest smaller amount of calcium source such as milk or dinner food and fish with bone although they consume more volume of total foods than the non-smokers. All subjects took less in calorie, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin E, riboflavin, and folic acid than the Recommended Dietary Allowance Those findings suggest that drug abuse and smoking cause bad eating habits that influence unbalanced nutritional state. Therefore, nutrition education should be provided to the adolescents so that they can recognize the disadvantages of drug and smoking and its relation to dietary relation. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) : 939-948, 1998)

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일부 비만 중학생의 대사증후군 유병율과 영양소 섭취 실태 연구 - 전북 남원시를 중심으로 - (Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Nutrient Intakes of Obese Middle School Students in Korea - Focused on Namwon city, Jeonbuk -)

  • 박정숙;박은숙
    • 한국생활과학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.159-170
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    • 2008
  • This study was carried out for the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese middle school students. The subjects were 104 obese adolescents of 4 middle schools in Namwon city, Jeonbuk. Average age of the subjects was 12.2 years old, BMI of mild obesity group, moderate obesity group and severe obesity group were 24.6kg/m2, 27.5kg/m2, and 31.8 kg/m2, respectively. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese students was 2.9%. And the person who has more than 2 out of 5 symptoms was 22.1%, and more than 1 was 39.4%. The prevalence of each symptoms were abdomen obesity(46.2%), hyper triglyceride(23.1%), high blood pressure(20.2%), high HDLcholesterol(2.9%), but the hyper glycemia had not been found. Nutrient intakes of 3 groups were not significantly different, energy was 1817.9kcal, carbohydrate was 265.7g, protein was 72.2g, and fat was 51.9g. Nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) of protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B1, niacin, vitamin C was proper, except calcium. Seventy point two percent of the obese students knew 'obesity is a disease', and 49.0% of the subjects didn't know the complication of the obesity. Only 27.9% of the obese adolescents took nutrition education class, but 51.9% of them thought nutrition education was necessary. We suggest that the nation enforce the policy for early detection and treatment of obesity for adolescents. Obese students and their parents should take nutrition education.

외상 후 대퇴-오금 혈관손상의 치료: 수술 성적 (Management of Femoropopliteal Vascular Injuries after Trauma: Surgical Outcomes)

  • 장성욱;한선;류경민;류재욱
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.15-20
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: Vascular injuries caused by traffic, industrial accidents and by outside activities have increased in Korea. Especially, vascular injuries to the extremities can lead to limb loss and even mortality if they are not appropriately treated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of femoropopliteal vascular management after trauma. Methods: The medical records of 12 patients with femoropopliteal vascular injuries who were treated at Dankook University Hospital from 2011 to 2013 were reviewed. Iatrogenic vascular injuries were excluded. The clinical data including the causes of injury, associated injuries and surgical outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. Results: All patients were male, with a mean age of $46.8{\pm}16.3years$ (range: 26~69 years). The causes of vascular injuries were four traffic accidents, three industrial accidents, two iron plates, one outside activity, one glass injury and one knife injury. The average transit time between the place of the accident place and the emergency department was $3.0{\pm}2.1$ (0.5~12.5) hours, and the average preparation time for surgery was $8.0{\pm}6.7$ (1.7~23.3) hours. The anatomic injuries included the popliteal vessel in seven cases and the femoral vessel in five cases. The average Injury Severity Score (ISS) was $12.0{\pm}5.0$ (5~17), and the average Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) was $5.7{\pm}2.1$ (2~9). The operation methods were four interposition grafts, three end-to-end anastomoses, two direct repairs and three patch angioplasties. One case required amputation of the injured extremity. Conclusion: Early recognition and revascularization of the injured vessel are mandatory to reduce limb loss and to obtain satisfactory outcomes. Therefore, careful/rapid evaluation of the vascular injuries and timely/successful surgical treatment are the keys to salvaging an injured limb.

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대도시 여고생의 빈혈 실태와 이와 영향을 미치는 요인 분석 (The status of anemia of high school girls in the large cities and an analysis of the related factors)

  • 백준남
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제30권2호
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    • pp.73-80
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    • 1992
  • This study was attempted to investigate the prevalence of anemia and to obtain nutritional education data for high school girls by analyzing the factors influencing on anemia. Total fo 113 subjects(21 female high school students in Seoul and 92 female students in Inchon) were participated in this study from July 1 to July 15, 1990. Hb and Hct values were measured to evaluate the iron status. Duncan's multiple range test were performed for the comparison between the mean values of the various group. Correlations among various factors were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The maen Hb and Hct values were 13.2g/dl and 41.3%. The rate of anemia of the subjects was 5.3% by the criteria of Hb concentration and 2.7% by the Hct value according to World Health Organization. 2. Subjects who had an early menarche had significantly higher weight and triceps than the ones ofr the girls with a late menarche. 3. There were positive relationships among Hb and Hct values, ages of memarche and cycle of menstruation. Hb, Hct values were significantly higher in the subjects who had frequent bed time snack, high intakes of meats and fishes group and vitamin A, and low calcium intake. In conculsion, the prevalence of anemia of the subjects was much lower than the previous years. There were positive relationships among Hb and Hct values, age of menarche, night snack, and intakes of meats and fishes and fruits. Therefore, it could be concluded that nutrition education should be emphasized for the high school girls to improve the quality of diet and prevent anemia.

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출토 지역과 시대에 따른 한국 청동기의 납동위원소비 분류 특성 (Lead isotope ratios characteristics of Excavated bronzes from Korea peninsula)

  • 김소진;한우림;황진주;정연중;한민수
    • 보존과학연구
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    • 통권36호
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    • pp.4-10
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    • 2015
  • 한반도에서 출토된 청동기의 납동위원소비 분석 자료 673건을 이용하여 시대별, 유형별, 지역별로 분류하고 그에 따른 납동위원소비 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 초기철기시대는 한반도 남부의 전역에 걸쳐 넓게 분포하는 반면, 조선시대의 납동위원소비는 대부분 zone 3로 대변되는 충청남 북도와 전라남 북도에 분포되었다. 또한 서울 경기, 충청, 전라, 경상도에서 출토된 청동기는 한반도 전역의 원료를 사용하여 제작한 것으로 추정되나, 북한의 경우 경상남 북도의 원료를 사용하지 않은 것을 알 수 있다. 이번 연구결과를 기초자료로 하여 시대가 명확한 출토 청동기의 납동위원소비 분석 자료를 추가적으로 확보한다면 청동기 원료의 이동 경로 뿐만 아니라, 납이 혼합되고 재활용되는 시기를 구분할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

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농업 종사자의 영양섭취상태와 컴퓨터 영양상담 프로그램을 이용한 영양상담교육 효과 분석 (The Analysis of Farmers′ Nutrient Intakes the Effect of Nutritional Education Using Computer Program-based Nutritional Counseling for Farmers)

  • 이승교;박양자
    • 동아시아식생활학회지
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    • 제10권5호
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    • pp.356-371
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    • 2000
  • This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional counseling for farmers by using computer- based program to estimate pre - and post - knowledge and attitude changes. The desirable change of both knowledge and attitude focused on improving food Intake and early easing of body complaints. 311 agricultural workers in Korea were chosen for this experiment. The score was compared by 2 methods. In the first method, the scores were calculated from nutrient intake quantity and indices. In the second method, the difference of pre and post test of nutritional counseling by count of correct answers of foods and food preparation attitudes was measured according to different body complaints status. Major farming type was rice-planting(39%). The consciousness of health status of the subjects of less than 50 years old was good(42%), but it was only 20% in over 50 years' group. Female farmers felt uncomfortable in body complaints. Their body complaints were 2 times more than the male farmers, particularly, in over 50 years group. Nutrient intakes were lower in male based on the KRDA, except for vitamin C, niacin, and phosphate. Female farmers' nutrient intake was adequate based on the KRDA, but was low in vitamin A, pyridoxin, and iron. From the scores of knowledge and attitude by pre and post tests, counseling was efficient In nutritional education of all age groups, especially the older ones. The effect of counseling by farming type showed that the real agricultural workers had more increased score In the post test. This results Indicated that counseling about food, nutrition. and health to these workers was always effective. Therefore nutritional counseling and education program should be developed for different kinds of health and nutrition. It would be conducted to promote food behavior and improve nutritional and health status of farmers.

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