• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2019

The purpose of the study was to examine early childhood teachers' content knowledge of economic education. The subjects, 60 early childhood teachers, were asked to draw concept maps about early childhood economic education. Their concept maps were analyzed in terms of superordinate and subordinate concepts by contents and frequencies. The results were as follows. First, 248 superordinate concepts were shown, and they were categorized into nine representative terms: 'Scarcity and Choice,' 'Decision Making,' 'Monetary Value,' 'Production,' 'Consumption,' 'Distribution,' 'Restrain,' 'Reuse,' and 'Economic Education Activity.' Second, 1,440 subordinate concepts were shown, and 'coin,' 'bill,' 'saving,' 'bank,' and 'money' were frequently shown. Third, the mean numbers of subordinate concepts per superordinate concepts showed that early childhood teachers had more knowledge about 'Consumption,' 'Monetary Value,' and 'Economic Education Activity' than other superordinate concepts. The results showed the need for early childhood teachers to have more systematic and hierarchical pedagogical content knowledge on economic education.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.501-519
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to explore perception about shared decision making of family caregivers of patients with early dementia (PWED). This study was conducted with a sample of 12 family caregivers (mean age = $71.4{\pm}10.4$) of PWED from three dementia safety centers in Seoul. In-depth interviews were done for each participant about shared decision making and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Six categories and 17 sub-categories identified for participants' perception about shared decision making: means to facilitate communication with patients with dementia, means to secure autonomy of patients, opportunity to facilitate treatment, cause of increasing family caregivers' burden, cause of worsening relationship with patients, and option for choices depending on priority change. The findings of this study can provide a knowledge basis for health care professionals and policy makers to understand how family caregivers of PWED think about shared decision making. It would be of great value to develop educational programs and practical guidelines about shared decision making for PWED and their family, which may contribute to respecting PWED's self-determination right as well as reducing burden of their family.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.214-217
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• 1996

Early decision support systems (DSS) were the "passive" decision support systems in the sense that the systems only able to do what the users explicitly direct them to do. But some researchers such as Raghav Rao et al. [51 showed architectures to suggest general idea of the innovative DSS systems which offer active form of decision support, say, "active Intelligent Decision Support Systems(active IDSS)". The system can perform not only what the users want to do but some voluntary (or involuntary) intelligent works. This paper presents the issues in the design of the active IDSS in the domain of investment evaluation, a domain area where few researchers have suggested frameworks or architectures to discriminate good investment from bad one. We propose a new paradigm, by utilizing historical investment results using neural network and Multivariate Discriminant Analysis(MDA), to identify goodness of investment. A new active IDSS architecture which consists of neural network, expert system and three components of the traditional passive DSS is suggested with some scenario based results.nario based results.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.10
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• pp.1868-1871
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• 2007

This paper proposes a novel scheme to significantly reduce mode decision time by predicting optimal mode candidates. Unlike previous fast mode decision algorithms computing RDcost in a pre-defined mode order, the proposed scheme predicts optimal mode candidates and calculates their RDcosts first, increasing the possibility to satisfy early-exit conditions sooner, resulting in fast mode decision. This H.264 mode decision time reduction enables small computing power mobile devices to handle H.264 encoding effectively. Extensive simulations show that, when compared with JM10.2, AMD and LCIMS, the proposed scheme boosts H.264 encoding speed by up to 575% with a reasonable image quality degradation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.297-300
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• 2007

Due to its impressive compression performance, the H.264 video coder is highlighted in the video communications industry, such as DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting), PMP (Portable Multimedia Player), etc. The main bottleneck to use the H.264 coder lays in the computational complexity, i.e. five times more complex than the market leading MPEG-4 Simple Profile codec. In this paper, we propose the hierarchical mode decision method for intraframe coding for the reduction of the computation complexity of the encoder. By determining the mode group early, the propose algorithm can skip the computationally demanding computation in the mode decision. The proposed algorithm is composed of three steps: $16{\times}16$ mode decision, $4{\times}4$ mode-group decisions, and final mode decision among the selected mode group. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves 20% to 50% reduction in the computational complexity compared with the conventional algorithm.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

The emergence of mucosal healing as a treatment goal that could modify the natural course of Crohn's disease and the accumulating evidence showing that biologics are most effective in achieving mucosal healing, along with the success of early treatment regimens for rheumatoid arthritis, have led to the identification of early Crohn's disease and development of the concept of catching the therapeutic window during the early disease course. Thus, an increasing number of pediatric gastroenterologists are adopting an early biologic treatment strategy with or without an immunomodulator. Although early biologic treatment is effective, cost and overtreatment are issues that limit its early use. Currently, there are insufficient data on who will benefit most from early biologics, as well as on who will not need early or even any biologics. For now, top-down biologics should be considered for patients with currently known high-risk factors of poor outcomes. For other patients, close, objective monitoring and accelerating the step-up process by means of a treat-to-target approach seems the best way to catch the therapeutic window in early pediatric Crohn's disease. The individual benefits of immunomodulator addition during early biologic treatment should be weighed against its risks and decision on early combination treatment should be made after comprehensive discussion with each patient and guardian.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 2018

This paper presents a fast partition decision framework for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Screen Content Coding (SCC) based on machine learning. Currently, the HEVC performs quad-tree block partitioning process to achieve optimal coding efficiency. Since this process requires a high computational complexity of the encoding device, the fast encoding process has been studied as determining the block structure early. However, in the case of the screen content video coding, it is difficult to apply the conventional early partition decision method because it shows different partition characteristics from natural content. The proposed method solves the problem by classifying the screen content blocks after partition decision, and it shows an increase of 3.11% BD-BR and 42% time reduction compared to the SCC common test condition.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2022

Recently, various problems such as reduced productivity, insufficient inflow of skilled manpower, reduced quality, and concerns about increasing safety accidents have appeared in the domestic construction industry. Stakeholder of construction project are considering the Off-Site Construction (OSC) method rather than the conventional on-site construction as an alternative. Despite the importance of decision making in the early stage of the adoption of OSC, there is a lack of methodologies for rational decision making. In this study, a decision making system has been developed to derive the final construction cost score by deriving the project characteristics, selecting the construction difficulty index, and developing a cost model for each construction method alternatives to calculate the standard construction cost. Using this system, the OSC method can be effectively evaluated in terms of its feasibility in the early stage of construction

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.1 s.40
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• pp.57-74
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• 1993

Anterior crossbite is a common malocclusion in the early deciduous dentition. Even today, many these malocclusion patients are not treated until the mixed or permanent dentition. And the purpose here is to emphasize the need for early diagnosis and possible treatment for these anterior crossbite malocclusions and their associated facial patterns. Case histories of 4 patients selected from the author's practice are presented. Different methods of treatment are evaluated. Some improvement was achieved in all patients from an early interceptive regimen, although ultimately corrective orthodontic treatment may still be needed in some. It is concluded that early interception of deciduous anterior crossbite malocclusion should by attempted in patients ; there should be no delemma in reaching such a decision. And it is essential for diagnosis and treatment to determine exact variations in growth when some appliance are used, it is recommended that growth-related records be made as early as possible.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.40-50
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• 2012

In this paper we propose the fast CU (Coding Unit) mode decision method. To reduce computational complexity and save encoding time of HEVC, we divided CU, PU (Prediction Unit) and TU (Transform Unit) decision process into two stages. In the first stage, because $2N{\times}2N$ PU mode is mostly selected among $2N{\times}2N$, $N{\times}2N$, $2N{\times}N$, $N{\times}N$ PU modes, proposed algorithm uses only $2N{\times}2N$ PU mode deciding depth of each CU in the LCU (Largest CU). And then, proposed method decides exact PU and TU modes at the depth level which is decided in the first stage. In addition, early skip decision rule is applied to the proposed method to obtain more efficient computational complexity reduction. The proposed method reduces computational complexity of the HEVC encoder by simplifying a CU depth decision method. We could obtain about 50% computational complexity reduction in comparison with HM 3.3 HEVC reference software while bitrate compressed by the proposed algorithm increases only 2%.