• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1972

In this article, the writer attempted to study the followings: (1) mother's knowledge of milk feeding (including method of sterilization, formula and feeding) (2) reasons of artificial feeding (3) how much mothers are concerned about their artificial feeding infants (4) condition of growth and development of artificial feeding infants. As the object of study, 96 mothers with artificial feeding infants, who had consulted dep't of pediatrics of two Hospitals in Seoul (Korea Hospital and Med. College Woo Suk Hospital, Korea Uni.) and well baby clinic of the two Health Centers (Sung Dong and Dongdaemoon), were randomly sampled. The data were treated by the statistic method of chi-square and percentage, and come to the following conclusion. 1. Knowledge of milk feeding Sterilization: 70 percentages of mothers know about the milk sterilization (including bottle, nipple and instrument), but 55 percentages of them do not know the nipple sterilization correctly. Formula: 69 percentages of mothers follow the indicator or in accordance with doctor's directions, but 31 percentages do at their option by reasons that the baby often coughs up the milk, the baby is too small, the baby often has digestive troubles, or the baby grow fleshy heavily etc, except family economic problems. Feeding: only half of mothers know the correct feeding method, especially they do not know how to determine the heat degree of milk and how to bubble up the baby correctly. They just do feeding according to the accepted usages. 2. Reasons of artificial feeding Of the reasons of artificial feeding, 18 percentages were caused by infants and 82 percentages by mothers. Most of the reasons are mainly due to the lack of breast milk and sufficient supply of nourishments rather than mother's deficiency or mother's abnormality. 3. Mother's concern for artificial feeding infants Mothers who are sharply concerned for their artificial feeding baby's growth and development: 63%, mothers who made the baby (artificial feeding infant) routine vaccinated: 81%, mothers who ear anxious about the baby's future personality forming : 68%, mothers who care about the baby's condition of nourishment; 60%, mothers who are anxious about tile selection of baby's food; 54%. 4. The growth and development of artificial feeding infants compared with Korean average infants. The artificial feeding infants are above the Korean average infants in stature by 1.21 centimeters and in weight by 0.3 kilograms. Conclusion: It has been said that there is no better food for infant than the breast milk. However, the artificial feeding has been used for the supplement of nourishments and as substitute food for the breast milk. And this artificial feeding could give the married women the chance to act in society and more opportunity to develop themselves and to work for others at home and other fields. Considering these advantages, artificial feeding should not be exclusive, but preferably should be more improved and inquired positively. And even in artificial feeding, what is most important is that mothers should recognize the requirement and need of artificial feeding clearly and correctly, and they should be accustomed to the correct knowledge and skills of artificial feeding in order to practice it appropriately. In some degree, they should be properly trained in school education process.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.447-453
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• 2010

The hemifacial microsomia is characterized by variable underdevelopment of the craniofacial skeleton, external ear, and facial soft tissues. So, patients with hemifacial microsomia have an occlusal plane canting and malocclusion with facial asymmetry. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) with an intraoral or extraoral device is a technique using tension to generate new bone with gradual bone movement and remodeling. DO has especially been used to correct craniofacial deformities such as a hemifacial microsomia, facial asymmetry, and mandible defect that could not adequately be treated by conventional reconstruction with osteotomies. It has a significant advantage to lengthen soft and hard tissue of underdeveloped site without bone graft and a few complication such as nerve injury or muscle contracture. A 13-years old girl visited our clinic for the chief complaint of facial asymmetry. She had a left hypoplastic maxilla and mandible, occlusal plane canting and malocclusion. We diagnosed hemifacial microsomia and lanned DO to lengthen the affected side. Le Fort I osteotomy, left mandibular ramus and symphysis osteotomy were performed. The internal distraction devices fixed with screw on maxillary and mandibular ramus osteotomy sites. External devices were adapted to lower jaw for DO on symphysis osteotomy site and to upper jaw for rapid maxillary expansion (RME). At 7days after surgery, distraction was started at the rate of 1mm per day for 13days, and after 4months consolidation periods, distraction devices were removed. Simultaneous multiple maxillo-mandibular distraction osteogenesis with RME resulted in a satisfactory success in correcting facial asymmetry as well as occlusal plane canting for our hemifacial microsomia.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.199-206
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• 2013

This study was performed to compare the dietary food and nutrient intakes according to supplement use in pregnant and lactating women in Seoul. The subjects were composed of 201 pregnant and 104 lactating women, and their dietary food intake was assessed using the 24-h recall method. General information on demographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as health-related behaviors, including the use of dietary supplements, were collected. About 88% and 60% of the pregnant and lactating women took dietary supplements, respectively. The proportion of dietary supplements used was higher in pregnant women with a higher level of education. After adjusting for potential confounders, among the pregnant women, supplement users were found to consume 45% more vegetables, and those among the lactating women were found to consume 96% more beans and 58% more vegetables. The intakes of dietary fiber and ${\beta}$-carotene among supplement users were higher than those of non-users, by 23% and 39%, respectively. Among pregnant women, the proportion of women with an intake of vitamin C (from diet alone) below the estimated average requirements (EAR) was lower among supplement users [users (44%) vs. non-users (68%)], and the proportion of lactating women with intakes of iron (from diet alone) below the EAR was lower among supplement users [usesr (17%) vs. non-users (38%)]. These results suggest that among pregnant and lactating women, those who do not use dietary supplements tend to have a lower intake of healthy foods, such as beans and vegetables, as well as a lower intake of dietary fiber and ${\beta}$-carotene, which are abundant in these foods, and non-users are more likely than users to have inadequate intake of micro-nutrient such as vitamin C and iron.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2014

세포내 $Ca^{{+}{+}}$의 증가는 비만세포에서 수용체 활성을 거치지 않고 탈과립을 유도한다. 괴화는 천연 염색 재료로 사용되고 있으며, 또한 항염증 작용과 $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$와 IgE 가교에 의한 항알레르기 효능도 보고되었다. 이번 연구에서 비만세포에서 $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ 유입에 의해 생산되는 알레르기 매개물에 대한 괴화 추출물의 조절 기능을 보고한다. 괴화 추출물은 A23187에 의해 유도되는 IL-4와 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산과 탈과립을 저해하였다. 또한 괴화 추출물은 DNFB로 유도한 알레르기 피부염의 동물 모델에서 알레르기 반응을 억제하였다. 괴화추출물 50 mg/kg을 경구투여 또는 도말을 한 경우, DNFB를 단독으로 처리한 군보다 IL-4, TNF 그리고 IFN-${\gamma}$와 같은 염증성 사이토카인의 생산량이 감소하였다. 또한 괴화 추출물을 처리한 경우 혈청 내 IgE의 함량이 DNFB를 단독으로 처리한 군보다 감소하였다. 괴화 추출물을 처리한 군에서의 비장과 림프절의 무게도 DNFB를 단독으로 처리한 군보다 감소하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 괴화는 비만세포에서 $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$ 자극뿐만 아니라 $Ca^{{+}{+}}$의 유입에 의한 항알레르기 효능이 있다는 것을 보고한다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.629-647
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• 2018

1. 유기재배구의 토양조건은 배수가 약간 불량한 미사질 양토인 전북통 보통답으로 유효규산이 높은 것을 제외하고는 우리나라 논토양의 화학적 성분과 평균 함량이 유사하였다. 2. 관행재배구와 유기재배구 간에 생육은 초장, 분얼수, 이삭수, 이삭길이 모두 관행재배구에서 높은 것을 확인하였으며 이삭당 입수와 등숙율은 유기재배구에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 3. 병해충 발생정도는 물바구미, 잎집무늬마름병, 혹명나방, 도열병이 유기재배구에서 많이 발생하였고, 이삭누룩병은 관행재배구에서 조금 더 많이 발생하였다. 4. 주요 관리대상 병해충인 잎집무늬마름병(y=-0.2848x+199.57, $R^2=0.704^*$), 혹명나방 발생(y=-0.1361x+92.535, $R^2=0.8049^*$)과 쌀 수량과의 관계에서 유의성이 높은 부의 상관관계가 나타났다. 5. 백미 품질은 유기재배구에서 파쇄미의 증가로 완전립 비율이 낮았지만, 단백질함량이 관행재배구에 비해 낮아 전반적인 품질 및 윤기치가 높아졌다. 6. 쌀 재배 순수익은 관행재배구에서 36만원/10a, 유기재배구에서 61만원/10a로 유기재배구의 순수익이 68% 높게 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.52-52
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• 2022

Recently, PE (polyethylene) film has been used increasingly in com cultivation. However, PE films often cause soil and environment contamination. In order to reduce this problem, many researches have been carrying out studies on biodegradable films (BF) that are easily decomposed by soil microorganisms. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine which BF is optimal for growth and yield of com crops while also having the highest rates of film decomposition. BFs Farmsbio (Farm Hannong), Heulgro Film (Sejin Bio), Vonto Film (Eco-Hansung) as well as a selected PE film were used in this study. For the control, we used crops grown without any kind of mulching. Experimental fields were fertilized according to conventional cultivation methods, tilled, and then covered by either BF or PE. After 1 week, com (cv. MIBECK2ho) at the 3-leaf stage (16 days after seeding) was transplanted. Plant height was measured at 18 and 32 days after transplanting and heading stages. Yield components and yield were also measured at harvest. In addition, pH, EC, and decomposition and light transmittance levels of films were investigated during the experimental period. Daily average temperature, relative humidity and organic matter in soils were also measured during the experimental period. There was no significant difference in plant height, heading date, and silking between crops with BFs and PE, but the crops grown with BFs and PE films reached higher growth parameters in a shorter amount of time than the crops in the non-mulching control. Additionally, there were no significant differences in yield components such as length of ears, ear width, ear weight, and yield in crops that were grown using films or crops in the control plot. Light transmittance and decomposition levels of films generally increased with time after transplanting, and was highest in the Heulgro film than other BFs. Soil pH and organic matter in crops using BFs and PE films were significantly higher than in the control plot at 99 and 113 days after transplanting. In general, the EC contents in the control plot was lower than in crops using BFs and PE films. The average daily moisture in soil was higher when BFs and PE films were used than in the control plot. However, the daily average soil temperature was higher in crops using BFs and PE films than in the control plots at the beginning of the experimental period, but there was no consistent difference in soil temperature towards the later part of the experimental period. Therefore, the BFs used in this study were shown to be helpful without causing negative impacts on the growth and yield of com.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제36호
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• pp.7-30
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• 2009

인간에게 필수적인 것(유(儒)=인(人)+수(需)=수(須))을 교(敎)-학(學)하여 인간의 자기정립의 길을 제시하여 상장(相長)의 방법을 모색했던 유교(儒敎)(학(學))은 인문주의를 표방하였다. "논어(論語)"에서 공자가 제시한 유자(儒者)의 길이자 인간의 길은 다름 아닌 호학(好學)을 통한 성인(聖人)에 대한 희구(希求)로서 성학(聖學)의 이념과 방법론이었다. 이 논문에서 필자는 유가철학에서 철학의 정신인 지혜사랑의 이념은 성인(聖人)을 목표로 학문을 좋아하는 군자(君子)(호학자(好學者))의 자기정립의 학문(위기지학(爲己之學))에 그 전형이 잘 나타나 있다고 판단하고, 그 이념과 실현의 방법론을 기술하고자 하였다. 필자는 먼저 '자기정립의 이념'에서 공자가 말한 소인(小人)과 군자(君子)의 구분에 관한 언명에 주의를 기울이면서, 삶을 영위하는 일상적 평균적 인간인 소인(小人)의 태도와 그 삶에서 회향하여, 자기정립과 자기완성을 기도하는 군자(君子)에로 의지를 정향하여야 한다는 점을 제시하고, 이어 '철학적 인식'이란 궁극 근원인 형이상자인 천(天)과 천명(天命), 그리고 천명(天命)의 본성(本性)을 통찰하고, 천명으로 주어진 인간 본성으로 자기 정립을 이루고, 마침내 존재와 당위가 온전히 일치하는 경지에 도달해야 함을 기술하였다. 다음 장에서는 공자가 제시한 인간 본성의 구현으로서 자기실현의 방법을 기술하였다. 공자에서 인(仁)한 본성을 구현하는 자기실현의 방법론은 기본적으로 '애인(愛人)'과 '충서(忠恕)'로 요약할 수 있는 데, 이는 인간관계에서 동등고려와 역전환성(보편성)을 그 원리로 한다. 그리고 동등고려와 역전환성은 보편성의 원리와 자기목적의 이념을 구현하는 것으로, 이는 윤리학의 학적 토대와 가능근거를 제공한다. 이러한 자기실현은 유교에서 내성(內聖)과 표리를 형성하는 외왕(外王)의 이념으로 구체화-현실화되었다. 결론적으로 지혜사랑으로서 철학은 "완전한 정신을 향한 불안전한 정신의 자기초월적 귀향에의 편력"이라고 정의할 수 있는데, 공자의 위기지학(爲己之學)의 이념과 방법론을 성찰한다면, 유가는 그 어느 학파보다도 지혜사랑의 이념과 방법을 충실히 제시하였다고 평가할 수 있다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2013

본 논문은 교실 및 회의실과 같은 소규모 공간에서 건축 마감재료에 의해 발생할 수 있는 좌우귀의 음량 차이가 사람의 청각적 음성명료도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학교 강의실의 좌,우 측벽에 흡음재를 설치하였으며, 양이 녹음 시스템을 이용하여 좌측귀와 우측귀의 음압레벨을 각각 측정하였다. 또한 흡음재를 설치하기 전과 후 강의실에서 정상 청력의 대학생 20명을 대상으로 음절테스트를 수행하여 양이간 음량차이에 따른 음성명료도를 조사하였다. 그 결과 측벽에 흡음재를 설치 한 후 벽체에 가까워질수록 양이간 음량차가 크게 발생한다는 점을 알 수 있었으며 일부 수음점에서는 최소변화감지폭인 3 dB 이상 차이가 발생하는 곳도 있었다. 또한 측정점별 양이간 음량차와 음절테스트 점수의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 상관관계 계수가 약 -0.441로 유의한 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 양이간 음량차가 강의실의 음성명료도에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.40-59
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• 1994

The introduction of lithium salts for the treatment of mood disorder by Code in 1949 was a major therapeutic breakthrough. Yet it is far from the universal therpeutic agent in the treatment of mood disorders. Indeed, some acutely manic patients do not respond adeqately to lithium and some individuals experience breakthrough affective episodes during lithium maintenance. In the last decode, it has become c1ear that a significant number of patients with more highly recurrent disorders may require alternative or enhanced forms of prophylactic treatment. For these reasons, a variety of other drugs hove been employed for the treatment and prophylaxis of mood disorders. Efforts to develop new pharmacologic strategies for mood disorder hove included a diverse array of medications, ranging from potent benzodiazepines to novel neuroleptics and from anticonvulsants to calcium channel blockers. The anticonvulsants appear particularly useful in cases of dysphoric mania and rapid cycling state, subforms of bipolar disorder that respond quite poorly to conventional treatments. Among all of these new pharmacologic strategy, carbamazepine and sodium valproate have received the broadest clinical applications as maintenance therapies. The data documenting the short-term antimanic effectiveness of the calcium channel blocker verapamil and benzodiazepins such as clonazepam and lorazepam appear also promising. A number of other theoretically interesting, as well as clinically relevant therapies, which are not presently employed routinly, hove also been studied, including 2 blocker clonidine, atypical antipsychotic clozapine, cholinomimetics, 5-HT enhancers, thyroid and magnesium preparations. Now prophylaxis in mood disorder remains a considerable therapeutic challenge. Controlled testing of the prophylactic efficacy of compounds such as carbamazepine, valproic acid, and the calcium channel blockers represent important next step in the clinical trials for mood disorder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.622-626
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• 2007

Using multi-trait animal model BLUP, selection was conducted over seven generations for growth rate (DG), real-time ultrasound loin-eye muscle area (LEA), backfat thickness (BF), and intramuscular fat content (IMF) to develop a new line of purebred Duroc pigs with enhanced meat production and meat quality. This study was intended to investigate the relationship between restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of a heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) gene and intramuscular fat content (IMF) of this Duroc purebred population. The present experiment examined the RFLP of 499 slaughtered pigs. The DNA was separated from the blood or ear tissue of the pigs, which were slaughtered at 105 kg of body weight. Intramuscular fat content of the longissimus muscle was measured using chemical analysis. A significant difference was detected in the breeding value of IMF among the H-FABP PCR RFLP genotypes. The AA genotype has a significantly larger positive effect on the IMF breeding value than do the Aa and aa genotypes for the MspI RFLP. In addition, the DD genotype has a significantly greater positive effect on IMF breeding value than the Dd and dd genotypes for the HaeIII RFLP. For the HinfI RFLP, the hh genotype has a significantly larger positive effect on IMF breeding value than the HH genotype. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the IMF breeding values as the dependent variable and the three H-FABP genotypes as independent variables. Results revealed that the contribution of the genotypes to variation in IMF breeding values was approximately 40%. These results demonstrated that H-FABP RFLPs affect IMF in this Duroc population.