• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.391-401
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• 2016

Objective: This study aims to examine domestic literature on eye-tracking in the design area, and to present new eye-tracking application directions. Background: Eye-tracking was introduced in the experimental psychology field for the first time in the 1950s. Eye-tracking has high utilization values in the design application area because eye-tracking can accumulate data on what people see, providing the quantitative values on eye movement. Method: This study examined the papers published in domestic journals, as well as the papers presented in conferences from 2000 to 2016 through DBPIA. Results: Although the use of eye-tracking technology was slightly meager in the product design area, it has been actively used for the evaluation analyses of preference and attention in architecture/public design. Eye-tracking also presented a method to design advertisement that is helpful to advertisement effect measurement, and product salesin the advertisement design area. Since detail psychological analysis is possible, the application of eye-tracking in the studies related with user interface has been active. Conclusion: The eye-tracking technology is projected to be actively used as a new interface means, such as in helping in disabled people's communication and in device control, in addition to conventional application areas. Application: This study would be of help to find future research areas of eye-tracking.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.288-304
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is a review of previous studies and principles of eye-tracking techniques that are actively applied in recent elementary science education. Also it proposes to utilize the direction of eye tracking techniques in elementary science education research. Recent eye-tracking technology was developed, using the infrared pupil and the corneal reflection can be safely and accurately track the eye movements of the participants. Eye tracking has the advantage of higher temporal resolution, accessibility, convenience, objectivity, stability and safety. Analysis of the previous studies, there was a difference in the study design and analysis. The workshops and seminars are needed for accurate understanding of eye-tracking method in elementary science education research. In conclusion, the eye-tracking can be utilized such as effectiveness analysis of teaching materials and media, behaviors analysis of teachers and students in a real class, cognitive strategies and attention analysis of the student, discriminating tool of various education evaluation, etc.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2020

Deep Learning has become the most important technology in the field of artificial intelligence machine learning, with its high performance overwhelming existing methods in various applications. In this paper, an interactive window service based on object recognition technology is proposed. The main goal is to implement an object recognition technology using this deep learning technology to remove the existing eye tracking technology, which requires users to wear eye tracking devices themselves, and to implement an eye tracking technology that uses only usual cameras to track users' eye. We design an interactive system based on efficient eye detection and pupil tracking method that can verify the user's eye movement. To estimate the view-direction of user's eye, we initialize to make the reference (origin) coordinate. Then the view direction is estimated from the extracted eye pupils from the origin coordinate. Also, we propose a blink detection technique based on the eye apply ratio (EAR). With the extracted view direction and eye action, we provide some augmented information of interest without the existing complex and expensive eye-tracking systems with various service topics and situations. For verification, the user guiding service is implemented as a proto-type model with the school map to inform the location information of the desired location or building.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.601-607
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study is to classify between intentional and natural blinks in vision based eye tracking system. Through implementing the classification method, we expect that the great eye tracking method will be designed which will perform well both navigation and selection interactions. Background: Currently, eye tracking is widely used in order to increase immersion and interest of user by supporting natural user interface. Even though conventional eye tracking system is well focused on navigation interaction by tracking pupil movement, there is no breakthrough selection interaction method. Method: To determine classification threshold between intentional and natural blinks, we performed experiment by capturing eye images including intentional and natural blinks from 12 subjects. By analyzing successive eye images, two features such as eye closed duration and pupil size variation after eye open were collected. Then, the classification threshold was determined by performing SVM(Support Vector Machine) training. Results: Experimental results showed that the average detection accuracy of intentional blinks was 97.4% in wearable eye tracking system environments. Also, the detecting accuracy in non-wearable camera environment was 92.9% on the basis of the above used SVM classifier. Conclusion: By combining two features using SVM, we could implement the accurate selection interaction method in vision based eye tracking system. Application: The results of this research might help to improve efficiency and usability of vision based eye tracking method by supporting reliable selection interaction scheme.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2009

In this paper, to propose a new approach to real-time eye tracking. Existing methods of tracking the user's attention to the little I move my head was not going to get bad results for each of the users needed to perform the calibration process. Infrared eye tracking methods proposed lighting and Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN) By using the calibration process, the movement of the head is large, even without the reliable and accurate eye tracking, mapping function was to enable each of the calibration process by the generalization can be omitted, did not participate in the study eye other users tracking was possible. Experimental results of facial movements that an average 90% of cases, other users on average 85% of the eye tracking results were shown.

• Architectural research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.155-162
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• 2020

Numerous scholars have explored the modeling, control, and optimization of energy systems in buildings, offering new insights about technology and environments that can advance industry innovation. Eye trackers deliver objective eye-gaze data about visual and attentional processes. Due to its flexibility, accuracy, and efficiency in research, eye tracking has a control scheme that makes measuring rapid eye movement in three-dimensional space possible (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality). Because eye movement is an effective modality for digital interaction with a virtual environment, tracking how users scan a visual field and fix on various digital objects can help designers optimize building environments and materials. Although several scholars have conducted Virtual Reality studies in three-dimensional space, scholars have not agreed on a consistent way to analyze eye tracking data. We conducted eye tracking experiments using objects in three-dimensional space to find an objective way to process quantitative visual data. By applying a 12 × 12 grid framework for eye tracking analysis, we investigated how people gazed at objects in a virtual space wearing a headmounted display. The findings provide an empirical base for a standardized protocol for analyzing eye tracking data in the context of virtual environments.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.10-18
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• 2016

The cognitive ability of humans depends much on the vision. 'Vision' refers to the sense that receives stimulus of light through eyes. 'Gaze' refers to a function of a straight line that connects the central point of the pupil and a viewpoint in the external world, and, in general, it means a straight line that connects an object that is viewed and the eyes. There are active studies on the gaze in various academic circles including 'psychology' and 'cognitive linguistics.' As a method to objectively analyze the gaze, studies on 'eye tracking' are revitalized. A device for studies on eye tracking is an 'eye tracker.' As the fields of the study expand from development and analysis of Web pages to analysis of stores, methods of traffic signal processing, transport equipment, analysis of user experiences on image contents, and marketing analysis, there occurs a greater demand for a glasses eye-tracking than that for a fixed eye tracker. This study identifies the overview and characteristics of eye tracking and presents a way for spreading studies on eye tracking.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.91-98
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop and test an eye tracker focusing on early childhood participants, based on the characteristics of early childhood eye tracking studies. Eye tracking collects eye movement data of the subject, which provides scientific evidence of human cognition and thinking. The researcher built a Do It Yourself eye tracker camera module from general electronic components, and used Viewpoint analysis software from Arrington Research. The researcher compared the eye tracking data between the DIY eye tracker group and Tobii Pro eye tracker group, which provides a professional eye tracking system. Eye tracking data was collected from 52 five-year old children. The average proportion of valid trials between the two groups was compared with t test, and no significant difference was found. This result indicates that the DIY eye tracker can be used to collect valid eye tracking data from young children under certain research environment.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.839-844
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• 2009

In this paper, a real-time eye tracking method using fast face detection is proposed. Most of the current eye tracking systems have operational limitations due to sensors, complicated backgrounds, and uneven lighting condition. It also suffers from slow response time which is not proper for a real-time application. The tracking performance is low under complicated background and uneven lighting condition. The proposed algorithm detects face region from acquired image using elliptic Hough transform followed by eye detection within the detected face region using Haar-like features. In order to reduce the computation time in tracking eyes, the algorithm predicts next frame search region from the information obtained in the current frame. Experiments through simulation show good performance of the proposed method under various environments.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.834-848
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• 2013

To effectively use these functions many kinds of human-phone interface are used such as touch, voice, and gesture. However, the most important touch interface cannot be used in case of hand disabled person or busy both hands. Although eye tracking is a superb human-computer interface method, it has not been applied to smartphones because of the small screen size, the frequently changing geometric position between the user's face and phone screen, and the low resolution of the frontal cameras. In this paper, a new eye tracking method is proposed to act as a smartphone user interface. To maximize eye image resolution, a zoom lens and three infrared LEDs are adopted. Our proposed method has following novelties. Firstly, appropriate camera specification and image resolution are analyzed in order to smartphone based gaze tracking method. Secondly, facial movement is allowable in case of one eye region is included in image. Thirdly, the proposed method can be operated in case of both landscape and portrait screen modes. Fourthly, only two LED reflective positions are used in order to calculate gaze position on the basis of 2D geometric relation between reflective rectangle and screen. Fifthly, a prototype mock-up design module is made in order to confirm feasibility for applying to actual smart-phone. Experimental results showed that the gaze estimation error was about 31 pixels at a screen resolution of $480{\times}800$ and the average hit ratio of a $5{\times}4$ icon grid was 94.6%.