• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.719-727
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• 2010

Reduced irradiance promotes shoot elongation depending on developmental stage and environmental factors and decreases plant quality in $Cyclamen$ $persicum$ Mill. To determine the petiole elongation responses to low irradiance, 'Metis Scarlet Red' cyclamen at different developmental stages [juvenile (5-6 unfolded leaves), transitional (1-3 visible flower buds), or mature (1-3 elongating peduncles)] was grown in growth modules at 60 (low light, LL) or 240 (high light, HL) ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD within the growth chambers at different temperatures [16/12 (low temperature, LT), 22/18 (medium temperature, MT), or 28/$24^{\circ}C$ (high temperature, HT) (day/night)]. In Experiment I, juvenile plants were either kept in an LL or HL module during the entire treatment of 4 weeks or were transferred to the other module at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after treatment in an MT chamber. In Experiment II, juvenile, transitional, or mature plants were moved to the HL module at 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days after being placed in the LL module at the MT chamber and grown for 21 days. In Experiment III, transitional plants were moved to the HL module at 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days after being placed in the LL module at the LT, MT, or HT chambers. As the exposure duration to LL increased from 0 to 4 weeks or from 0 to 12 days, petiole length and plant height increased at all temperatures and developmental stages. In Experiment I, the exposure to LL during the latter period, rather than the early period, increased elongation rate. In Experiment II, petiole elongation in transitional plants was more sensitive to LL than juvenile or mature plants during the early period of the treatment for 12 days. In Experiment III, petiole length increased with increasing temperature and exposure duration to LL. Petiole elongation rate at HT increased rapidly from the beginning of LL exposure as compared to LT. Increase of $6^{\circ}C$ in temperature had the similar effect to LL exposure for 3 days in petiole elongation. To conclude, transitional cyclamen under higher temperatures responds more immediately to low irradiance and elongates its petioles.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 2013

This study investigated and evaluated contamination levels of bacteria on tomatoes at farms stage to evaluate potential hazards associated with fresh tomatoes. A total of 170 samples, 90 samples from 5 sampling sites from 18 farms and 80 samples from 1 sampling site from 4 farms every month for four months, were analyzed to enumerate aerobic bacterial counts, coliforms, E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. Aerobic bacterial counts ranged from 0.48 to 6.15 Log CFU/g, with the lowest and the highest bacterial cell counts recorded for A site and E site, respectively. Thirty five percent of the samples from the E site contained more than 2 Log CFU/g. Six samples (6.6%) of 90 samples contained B. cereus less than 1 Log CFU/g. In addition, the contamination level of indicator bacteria and B. cereus in tomatoes were higher on March than on April, May and June (P < 0.05). S. aureus, E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were not detected in the tomato samples. The microbial contamination levels of tomatoes determined in this study may be used as the data for microbiological risk assessment.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2020

Seakso 1, a maize hybrid, was developed in 2008 by Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Korea and registered in 2011. It is single-cross hybrid, semi-flint, deep-purple variety of corn, variety of are yellow, while the husks and cobs are purple. Due to the sensitivity of Seakso 1 to excess moisture after seeding, water supply should be carefully managed, and it should be harvested at a suitable time to obtain the highest anthocyanin content. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Saekso 1 corn husk and cob extracts (EHCS) in oleic acid-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in HepG2 cells. EHCS showed a high level of lipid accumulation inhibiting effect. EHCS also suppressed triglyceride accumulation and inhibited expression of lipid marker genes, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1a (SREBP-1a). Analysis by western blot of the expression of p-AMPK, p-SREBP1, PPARα, and FAS proteins showed that the incidence of SREBP1 protein, a major factor involved in lipid metabolism in the liver, has decreased significantly after treatment with the extracts. Moreover, the protein-induced expression of FAS, a major enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids, was decreased significantly in all concentrations. These results suggest that EHCS is a potent agent for the treatment of NAFLD.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1998

As a way of mass process of onion, Allium cepa L., the oleoresin decompressed and concentrated is an alternative process to minimize lowering in the quality of onion during storage, to improve the original flavor and taste, and to increase variety as processing aids. This study was performed to investigate on the quality stability during storage of oleoresin. Oleoresin product was manufactured by mixing a concentration of onion juice and ethanol extract homogenously, emulsified by an additional 2% PGDR(polyglycerol condensed ricinoleate) and 1% cysteine. During 60 days storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$ the total sugar content in oleoresin product was very stable, and absorbances at 420nm as browning reaction index were 0.38, 1.53 and 3.32, respectively, addition of 1% cysteine retarded the browning reaction effectively. When oleoresin product was centrifuged(2000$\times$G, 60 minutes), the volumes of emulsion level without separation were 96.8%, 94.1% and 9.06%, respectively during 20 days, 40 days and 60 days storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, and those during 60 days storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$ were appeared to be 83.2% and 75.4%. Showing lower level as increasing storage temperature. Antioxidant indexes(AI) of soybean oil added 1% oleoresin without storage and 0.02% BHA were 1.39 and 1.72. The former showed 80.8% antioxidant activity on induction time extension effect of the latter. Antioxidant indexes of oleoresin decreased slightly as increasing storage temperature and were 1.37, 1.30 and 1.08. Total pyruvate contents were 89.9%, 79.7% and 65.2%, respectively during 60 days storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and 4$0^{\circ}C$. Rate constant, Q10 value and activation energy were 1.381~4.735 mmol/$\ell$.hr, 1.537~1.694 and 11.649 ㎉/g mole for the reduction of pyruvates in the range of storage temperatures during oleoresin storage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.59-75
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• 2000

This study was carried out to develop a DNA marker for identifying between Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and other breeds. First experiment was performed to isolate Hanwoo specific DNA marker at sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs). Five breeds of cattle including Hanwoo, Holstein, Hereford, Angus and Charolais were represented with the from 8 to 20 individuals. Fourteen primers of 300 arbitrary primers of 10 nucleotides showed reproducible polymorphism across the breeds. An amplified band of 0.9 kb in the primer MG-3 showed the specificity to Holstein breed. And MG-6 and MG-12 detected the Hereford and Hanwoo specific markers at the size of 2.0 kb and 1.0 kb, respectively. A 1.0 kb band of MG-12 was cloned and sequenced. A SCAR primer was designed based on the obtained sequences. It was possible to identify the Hanwoo from Holstein breed. Second experiment was carried out to observe the genotype frequencies of MC1R in 1,044 samples of imported beef and eight different cattle breeds including Hanwoo, Holstein, Angus, Brown-Swiss, Charolais, Limousin, Simmental and Hereford. The primers for the amplification of bovine MC1R gene were designed based on a bovine MC1R gene sequence (GenBank accession no.Y19103). A size of 350 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR), digested with two different restriction enzyme, BsrFI and MspA II, and electrophoresed in 2.5% Metaphore agarose gel for determination of genotypes. Genotype frequencies of Hanwoo were 0.10 in E+e and 0.90 in ee. Allele ED was shown in all of Holstein and Angus breeds tested which have black coat color phenotypes. We suggested that SCAR marker and the bovine MC1R gene could be used as a DNA marker for distinguishing beef between Hanwoo and Holstein.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 2006

To determine the proper processing and storage conditions, physico-chemical, microbial and sensory properties of venison jerky under different dry times were measured during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Samples were dried for 3 hr (T1), 4 hr (T2) and 5 hr (T3) at $75^{\circ}C$ in the smoke chamber, respectively. The pH of T1 was slightly lower than those of T2 and T3 as storage time increased. As dry and storage time increased, TBARS of T2 and T3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T1. In meat color, $L^*$ values of T3 showed slightly higher than those of T1 and T2, while at values were not clearly tendency by the passage of storage time. $b^*$ values of T2 and T3 were higher than that of T1. The water activity were significantly lower (p<0.05) in ,the order of T3$log_{10}$ CFU/g until 28 days and its number were accepted by sensory evaluation. In conclusions, T2 and T3 showed slightly high overall acceptability and lipid oxidative stability compared to T1 conditions. These results indicated that longer dry time ($4{\sim}5 hr$) of venison jerky would be better characteristics as compared to shorter dry time (3 hr) with increased storage time at $30^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2003

This study was peformed to evaluate physico-chemical and textural properties, and shelf-life effect of low-fat functional sausages(LFFS) manufactured with sodium lactate(SL), lac color and various molecular weights of chitosans(low=1.5 kDa, medium=30∼40 kDa and high=200 kDa) during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. LFFS had a pH range of 6.39∼6.50, 76∼78% moisture, <2% fat, 14∼15% protein. The combination of SL and low molecular weight(MW) of chitosan improved water holding capacity(WHC), however those of SL and medium MW of chitosan reduced WHC. Vacuum purge(VP) reduced with increased MW of chitosans during refrigerated storage. The addition of chitosans reduced the lightness and yellowness, but increased the redness values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm. LFFS containing SL and medium MW of chitosan increased most texture profile analysis(TPA) values, as compared to controls with 75 and 150 ppm. The addition of SL in LFFS retarded the microbial growth for Listeria monocytogenes, however no synergistic effect with the addition of chitosans were observed. E coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium reduced during refrigerated storage, regardless of SL and chitosan treatments. Increased storage time increased values for VP, yellowness and textural properties. These results indicated that the combination of SL and various MW of chitosans affected the functional and textural properties, and inhibited the microbial growth for LM effectively. In addition, 0.5% lac color as a replacer for sodium nitrite improved the color development, resulting in similar hunter color values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.261-269
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is to identify the significance of climate factors related to the significance of change of dry matter yield (DMY) of whole crop maize (WCM) by year through the exploratory data analysis. The data (124 varieties; n=993 in 7 provinces) was prepared after deletion and modification of the insufficient and repetitive data from the results (124 varieties; n=1027 in 7 provinces) of import adaptation experiment done by National Agricultural Cooperation Federation. WCM was classified into early-maturity (25 varieties, n=200), mid-maturity (40 varieties, n=409), late-maturity (27 varieties, n=234) and others (32 varieties, n=150) based on relative maturity and days to silking. For determining climate factors, 6 weather variables were generated using weather data. For detecting DMY and climate factors, SPSS21.0 was used for operating descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk test. Mean DMY by year was classified into upper and lower groups, and a statistically significant difference in DMY was found between two groups (p<0.05). To find the reasons of significant difference between two groups, after statistics analysis of the climate variables, it was found that Seeding-Harvesting Accumulated Growing Degree Days (SHAGDD), Seeding-Harvesting Precipitation (SHP) and Seeding-Harvesting Hour of sunshine (SHH) were significantly different between two groups (p<0.05), whereas Seeding-Harvesting number of Days with Precipitation (SHDP) had no significant effects on DMY (p>0.05). These results indicate that the SHAGDD, SHP and SHH are related to DMY of WCM, but the comparison of R2 among three variables (SHAGDD, SHP and SHH) couldn't be obtained which is needed to be done by regression analysis as well as the prediction model of DMY in the future study.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.282-291
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• 2006

Effects of the molecular weight and type of chitosans on shelf-life of Makkulli were evaluated during 18 days of storage at $25^{\circ}C$. Two types of chitosans were studied: ${\alpha}$-chitosans with 11 different molecular weights (water-soluble, Mw = 1, 8, 22, 43, 67 and 616 kDa; acid-soluble, Mw = 282, 440, 746, 1,110 and 2,025 kDa) and ${\beta}$-chitosan (acid-soluble, Mw = 577 kDa). Acid-soluble chitosans were applied as a form of chitosan-ascorbate. All chitosans were added to Makkulli at 0.002% concentration, the optimum concentration established in a preliminary test. Among 12 chitosans, the ${\alpha}$-chitosans with 22 and 440 kDa exhibited stronger antimicrobial effects than did other ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-chitosans. The results for pH, acidity, alcohol concentration, viable cell counts, and sensory evaluation suggested that addition of ${\alpha}$-chitosans with 22 and 440 kDa increased the shelf-life of Makkulli by almost 1 week at $25^{\circ}C$ compared with that of control (without chitosan) and other chitosan-added groups. Extension of Makkulli shelf-life by 1 week is fairly significant in view of the magnitude of the total amount of Makkulli produced in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2018

Yield prediction model for mixed pasture was developed with a shortage that the relationship between dry matter yield (DMY) and days of summer depression (DSD) was not properly reflected in the model in the previous research. Therefore, this study was designed to eliminate the data of the regions with distinctly different climatic conditions and then investigate their relationships DMY and DSD using the data in each region separately of regions with distinct climatic characteristics and classify the data based on regions for further analysis based on the previous mixed pasture prediction model. The data set used in the research kept 582 data points from 11 regions and 41 mixed pasture types. The relationship between DMY and DSD in each region were analyzed through scatter plot, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis in each region separately. In the statistical analysis, DMY was taken as the response variable and 5 climatic variables including DSD were taken as explanatory variables. The results of scatter plot showed that negative correlations between DMY and DSD were observed in 7 out of 9 regions. Therefore, it was confirmed that analyzing the relationship between DMY and DSD based on each region is necessary and 5 regions were selected (Hwaseong, Suwon, Daejeon, Siheung and Gwangju) since the data size in these regions is large enough to perform the further statistical analysis based on large sample approximation theory. Correlation analysis showed that negative correlations were found between DMY and DSD in 3 (Hwaseong, Suwon and Siheung) out of the 5 regions, meanwhile the negative relationship in Hwaseong was confirmed through multiple regression analysis. Therefore, it was concluded that the interpretability of the yield prediction model for mixed pasture could be improved based on constructing the models using the data from each region separately instead of using the pooled data from different regions.