• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.217-224
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of the conversion of the forest management type from a natural deciduous broad-leaved forest to an artificial evergreen coniferous forest based on organic matter dynamics. We investigated the amounts and carbon contents of the forest floor and the litterfall, soil chemical characteristics and cellulose decomposition rates in the natural deciduous broad-leaved forest and adjacent artificial evergreen coniferous forest. In the artificial evergreen coniferous forest were planted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) on the upper slope and Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) on the lower slope. The soil carbon and nitrogen contents, CEC and microbial activity had decreased due to the conversion of the forest management type from a natural deciduous broad-leaved forest to an artificial Japanese cypress forest, and were almost the same for the conversion to a Japanese cedar forest. Under the same conditions, it is considered that the soil fertility was different by planting specific tree species because the organic matter dynamics were changed by them.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2024

Quantitative evaluation of nutrient status and stoichiometry on the forest floor is a good indicator of litter quality in various vegetation types. This study was conducted to determine the effects of vegetation type on the nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest floors at a regional scale. Forest floor samples were collected from four vegetation types of evergreen coniferous forests including Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, evergreen broadleaf, and bamboo spp. forests in southern Korea. The dry weight of the forest floor was higher in the C. japonica and C. obtusa forests than in the evergreen broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean carbon (C) concentrations of the forest floor were highest in the broadleaf forest, followed by the bamboo forest, C. japonica and C. obtusa forests. Mean nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations in the the coniferous forests were lower than those in the broadleaf and bamboo forests. The mean C:N ratio was the highest in C. obtusa forest (118±25), followed by C. japonica (66±6), evergreen broadleaf (41±1), and bamboo (30±1) forests. However, C:P and N:P ratios were lower in the coniferous forests than in the broadleaf forest indicating that the stoichiometry of the forest floor varies across vegetation types. The C, N, and P stocks on the forest floor were higher in the C. obtusa forest than in the broadleaf or bamboo forests. These results highlight that vegetation type-dependent stoichiometric ratio is an useful indicator for understanding interspecific difference in quality and quantity of the forest floor.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.40-53
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• 2021

The level of soil organic carbon (SOC) fluctuates in different types of forest stands: this variation can be attributed to differences in tree species, and the variables associated with soil, climate, and topographical features. The present review evaluates the level of SOC in different types of forest stands to determine the factors responsible for the observed variation. Mixed stands have the highest amount of SOC, while coniferous (both deciduous-coniferous and evergreen-coniferous) stands have greater SOC concentrations than deciduous (broadleaved) and evergreen (broadleaved) tree stands. There was a significant negative correlation between SOC and mean annual temperature (MAT) and sand composition, in all types of forest stands. In contrast, the silt fraction has a positive correlation with SOC, in all types of tree stands. Variation in SOC under different types of forest stands in different landscapes can be due to differences in MAT, and the sand and silt fraction of soil apart from the type of forests.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 1969

This study investigated the vertical distribution of the vegetation in Mt. Hanla of Quelpart Island from 1967 to 1969. According to the physiognomy and life form of plants, the following plant communities are observed and arranged tentatively from the foot to the top. A. North-facing slope. (1) Grass land(0∼600m) (2) Deciduous broad-leaved forest(600∼1200m) (3) Mixed forest(broad and needle leaved forest : 1200∼1300m) (4) Evergreen coniferous forest(1300∼1700m) (5) Scrub communities(1700∼1950m) B. South-facing slope. (1) Grass land(0∼700) (2) Deciduous broad-leaved forest(700∼1300m) (3) Mixed forest(1300∼1550m) (4) Evergreen coniferous forest (1550∼850m) (5) Scrub communities(1850∼1950m) D. West-facing slope. (1) Grass land(0∼650) (2) Deciduous brod-leaved forest(650∼1400m) (3) Mixed forest(1400∼1500m) (4) Evergreen coniferous forest(1500∼1750m) (5) Scrub communities(1750∼1950m) The relation of the geological map and vegetation are as follows: (1) In the region of lava of Mt. Hanla are mainly distribut4ed deciduous broad-leaved forest. (2) In the region of Mt. Hanla are mainly distributed scrub. (3) In the region of lava of Gogun-san are involved deciduous broad-leaved forest, scrub and grass land of Gaimi-Dung.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.760-762
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• 2003

This study confirmed the usefulness of short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) in the discrimination and classification of evergreen forest types. A forested area near Hisayama and Sasaguri in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, served as the study area. Warm-temperate forest vegetation dominates the study site vegetation. Coniferous plantation forest, natural broad-leaved forest, and bamboo forest were analyzed using LANDSAT5/TM and SPOT4/HRVIR remote sensing data. Samples were extracted for the three forest types, and reflectance factors were compared for each band. Kappa coefficients of various band combinations were also compared by classification accuracy. For the LANDSAT5/TM data observed in April, October, and November, Bands 5 and 7 showed significant differences between bamboo, broad-leaved, and coniferous forests. The same significant difference was not recognized in the visible or near-infrared regions. Classification accuracy, determined by supervised classification, indicated distinct improvements in band combinations with SWIR, as compared to those without SWIR. Similar results were found for both LANDSAT5/TM and SPOT4/HRVIR data. This study identified obvious advantages in using SWIR data in forest-type discrimination and classification.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.216-224
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• 2021

Aim of this research was to classify forest types at Wando in Jeonnam Province and develop warm temperate forest management system with application of Remote Sensing and GIS. Another emphasis was given to the analysis of satellite images to compare forest type changes over 10 year periods from 2009 to 2019. We have accomplished this study by using ArcGIS Pro and ENVI. For this research, Landsat satellite images were obtained by means of terrestrial, airborne and satellite imagery. Based on the field survey data, all land uses and forest types were divided into 5 forest classes; Evergreen broad-leaved forest, Evergreen Coniferous forest, Deciduous broad-leaved forest, Mixed fores, and others. Supervised classification was carried out with a random forest classifier based on manually collected training polygons in ROI. Accuracy assessment of the different forest types and land-cover classifications was calculated based on the reference polygons. Comparison of forest changes over 10 year periods resulted in different vegetation biomass volumes, producing the loss of deciduous forests in 2019 probably due to the expansion of residential areas and rapid deforestation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.328-335
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• 2017

Background: Some researchers have attempted to evaluate the ecological function of various additional services, away from the main point of view on the timber production of Korean forests. However, basic data, evaluation models, or studies on the absorption of air pollutants related to major plant communities in Korea are very rare. Therefore, we evaluated the functional value of the forest ecosystem in Gongju-city. Plantation manual for air purification, supplied from the Ministry of Environment in Japan, was referred to process and method for assessment of air pollutant absorption. Results: Gross primary production was calculated about average 18.2 t/ha/year. It was a relatively low value in forests mixed with deciduous broad and evergreen coniferous compared to pure coniferous forest. Net primary production was the highest value in deciduous coniferous and was the lowest value in mixed forest with deciduous broad and evergreen broad. And the mean sequestration amount of each air pollutant per unit area per year assessed from gross primary production and concentration of gas was the highest with 75.81 kg/ha/year in $O_3$ and was 16.87 and 6.04 kg/ha/year in $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, respectively. In addition, total amounts of $CO_2$ absorption and $O_2$ production were 716,045 t $CO_2$/year and 520,760 t $O_2$/year in all forest vegetation in Gongju-city. Conclusions: In this study, we evaluated the absorption ability of air pollutant in 2014 on forest in Gongju-city area. Gongju-city has the broad mountain area about 70.3%, and area of deciduous broad leaves forest was established the broadest with 47.4% of genus Quercus. Pg was calculated about average 18.2 t/ha/year. The mean sequestration amount of each air pollutant per unit area per year assessed from Pg and $C_{gas}$ was the highest with 75.81 kg/ha/year in $O_3$ and were 16.87 and 6.04 kg/ha/year in $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, respectively. Absorption rates of $O_3$, $NO_2$, and $SO_2$ were the highest in evergreen coniferous forest about $14.87kgO_3/ha/year$, $3.30kgNO_2/ha/year$, $1.18kgSO_2/ha/year$, and the lowest were $5.95kgO_3/ha/year$, $1.32kgNO_2/ha/year$, and $0.47kgSO_2/ha/year$ in deciduous broad forest. In conclusion, it was evaluated that Japanese model is suitable for estimating air pollutants in Japan to Korean vegetation. However, in Korea, there is a very limited basic data needed to assess the ability of forests to absorption of air pollutants. In this study, the accuracy of a calculated value is not high because the basic data of trees with similar life form are used in evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.59-71
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• 2020

Using high-resolution stereoscopic aerial images (in 2008, 2012 and 2016), we conducted to analyze the spatial characteristics affecting evergreen coniferous die-off in the northwestern ridge (major distribution area such as Abies nephrolepis), Seoraksan National Park. The detected number of dead trees at evergreen coniferous forest (5.24㎢) was 1,223 in 2008, was 2,585 in 2012 and was 3,239 in 2016. The number of cumulated dead trees was 7,047 in 2016. In recent years, the number of dead trees increased relatively in the northwest ridge, Seoraksan National Park. Among the analysed spatial factor (altitude, aspect, slope, solar radiation and topographic wetness index), the number of dead trees was increased in the conditions with high altitude, steep slope and dry soil moisture. A spatial distribution of dead tree was divided into 2 groups largely (high altitude with high solar radiation, low altitude with steep slope). In conclusion, the dead trees of evergreen coniferous were concentrated at spatial distribution characteristics causing dryness in the northwestern ridge, Seoraksan National Park.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2020

Long-term observation of the life cycle of plants allows the identification of critical signals of the effects of climate change on plants. Indeed, plant phenology is the simplest approach to detect climate change. Observation of seasonal changes in plants using digital repeat imaging helps in overcoming the limitations of both traditional methods and satellite remote sensing. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of camera-based repeat digital imaging in this context. We observed the biological events of plants and quantified their phenophases in the northern temperate type deciduous broadleaf forest of Jeombong Mountain. This study aimed to identify trends in seasonal characteristics of Quercus mongolica (deciduous broadleaf forest) and Pinus densiflora (evergreen coniferous forest). The vegetation index, green chromatic coordinate (GCC), was calculated from the RGB channel image data. The magnitude of the GCC amplitude was smaller in the evergreen coniferous forest than in the deciduous forest. The slope of the GCC (increased in spring and decreased in autumn) was moderate in the evergreen coniferous forest compared with that in the deciduous forest. In the pine forest, the beginning of growth occurred earlier than that in the red oak forest, whereas the end of growth was later. Verification of the accuracy of the phenophases showed high accuracy with root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of 0.008 (region of interest [ROI]1) and 0.006 (ROI3). These results reflect the tendency of the GCC trajectory in a northern temperate type deciduous broadleaf forest. Based on the results, we propose that repeat imaging using digital cameras will be useful for the observation of phenophases.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.89-94
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• 2011

In this study, the amount of seedlings and seed dispersal of evergreen broad-leaved trees in forest community adjacent to Camellia japonica forest were studied to provide basic information for effective management of evergreen broad-leaved forest. Evergreen broad-leaved trees including C. japonica, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, Ligustrum japonicum, Cinnamomum japonicum, Litsea japonica, Pittosporum tobira showed high density and ratio of seedlings in community adjacent to C. japonica forest. Although individual densities of N. sericea, M. thunbergii, L. japonicum were low, their seedlings were distributed up to Pinus thunbergii and coniferous broad-leaved forest at a distance of 100m and 200m from C. japonica forest. Distribution of DBH class of C. japonica suggested a continuous spread from higher frequency of young individuals, N. sericea, M. thunbergii and L. japonicum did not showed an obvious trend. Seed of C. japonica mainly dispersed within 50m from mother tree.