• 농업과학연구
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2024

Mancozeb is a manganese and zinc-containing fungicide that belongs to the ethylene bisdithiocarbamate group and produces ethylene thiourea (ETU) after biotransformation or environmental degradation, which has toxicological hazard owing to its known antithyroid properties. Although mancozeb leads to negative changes in fertility capacity, the effects of ETU are less known. Therefore, this study examined the alteration of fertilization competence in boar spermatozoa exposed to ETU. The sperm motility, motion kinematics, viability, acrosome integrity, chromatin stability, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of sperm subjected to various ETU concentrations (10, 50, 100, and 200 µM) were evaluated after two different incubation times (30 min and 2 hrs). In addition, the relative mRNA expression of the sperm functional proteins was analyzed after exposure to ETU. A dose-dependent motility reduction was observed in sperm exposed to ETU during both incubation periods compared to the controls. The motion kinematics were reduced significantly in sperm incubated with ETU. Higher percentages of viable sperm were observed in the controls, while such viability was decreased significantly in sperm with 10 - 200 µM ETU. The acrosome integrity was particularly damaged on sperm incubated with 10 - 200 µM ETU for 30 min. Higher intracellular ROS levels were produced in sperm exposed to 200 µM ETU. In addition, lower relative levels of AKAP3, AKAP4, ODF2, and ZPBP2 expression were observed in sperm exposed to ETU compared to the controls. Mancozeb and ETU could adversely affect the reproductive functions of mammals. Hence, the effects of ETU on the reproductive system should be examined further.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.277-281
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• 2011

본 연구는 과실류에 잔류하는 ETU 분석을 위해 LC/APCI-MS를 이용하여 신속 정확한 분석법 검증을 실시하였다. 시료 중 존재하는 ETU 성분 추출로 사용된 용매는 $CH_2Cl_2$이며, 시료 전처리 시 cys-HCl 0.4 g, $Na_2CO_34g$을 사용할 때 최적의 회수율을 나타냈다. 분석 시 $C_{18}$ column으로 분리되어 나온 ETU의 머무름 시간대에서 어떠한 간섭현상도 보이지 않았으며 232 nm에서 최고의 흡수파장을 보였다. 귤 시료에 ETU를 첨가한 결과값의 직선성은 적합한 것으로 나타났다($R^2$=1). 정밀성과 정확성은 0.05-1.0 mg/kg에서 RSD$\leq$10%이며, 회수율은 평균 80% 이상의 결과를 보였다. 배, 포도, 바나나의 회수율도 마찬가지로 80% 이상으로 나타났다. 본 실험방법으로 시중에 유통중인 과실류를 구입하여 모니터링을 한 결과 ETU는 오렌지 과피에서 4건이 검출되었고 최고 잔류치는 $73.6{\mu}g/kg$ 이었다. 귤 과피는 3건 검출 되었고 최고 잔류치는 $29.8{\mu}g/kg$이었다. 본 연구의 과실류에 잔류하는 ETU 분석법은 시료 전처리에 필요한 시간을 줄일 수 있으며 전처리 단계를 간소화함으로써 오염도를 줄였다. 기존에 발표된 논문에 비해 전처리 시간은 약 20분 정도 소요되며, 분석 시 재현성, 정밀성 등을 고려할 때 과실류에 존재하는 ETU 분석법에 적합한 것으로 사료된다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2010

EBDC계 살균제 중 국내에서 사용하고 있는 mancozeb와 metiram을 사용하여 실험실 조건에서 이들의 반감기 및 분해대사 산물인 ETU로의 전환특성을 조사하였다. EBDC계 살균제 및 분해대사 산물인 ETU에 대한 분석은 상온에 보관한 시료를 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 19, 22, 26일 경과 후에 HPLC~DAD로 분석하였다. EBDC계 살균제인 mancozeb, metiram과 그 분해산물인 ETU에 대한 정량회수율은 각각 86.9-90.2, 85-98.6 및 64.1-80.0% 범위를 나타내었다. Mancozeb와 metiram의 반감기는 각각 7.5일，27.8일이었다. Mancozeb 의 ETU 전환율은 4.7-67.2% 수준이었고，metiram의 ETU 전환율은 7.5-34.6% 수준이었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권7호
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• pp.2359-2366
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• 2022

Selecting graphite grades with superior irradiation characteristics is important task for designers of graphite moderation reactors. To provide reference information and data for graphite selection, the effects of irradiation on three fine-grained, iso-molded nuclear grade graphites, ETU-10, IG-110, and NBG-25, were compared based on irradiation-induced changes in volume, thermal conductivity, dynamic Young's modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Data employed in this study were obtained from reported irradiation test results in the high flux isotope reactor (HFIR)(ORNL) (ETU-10, IG-110) and high flux reactor (HFR)(NRL) (IG-110, NBG-25). Comparisons were made based on the irradiation dose and irradiation temperature. Overall, the three grades showed similar irradiation-induced property change behaviors, which followed the historic data. More or less grade-sensitive behaviors were observed for the changes in volume and thermal conductivity, and, in contrast, grade-insensitive behaviors were observed for dynamic Young's modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion changes. The ETU-10 of the smallest grain size appeared to show a relatively smaller VC to IG-110 and NBG-25. Drastic decrease in the difference in thermal conductivity was observed for ETU-10 and IG-110 after irradiation. The similar irradiation-induced properties changing behaviors observed in this study especially in the DYM and CTE may be attributed to the assumed similar microstructures that evolved from the similar size coke particles and the same forming method.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.411-418
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the amino acid and protein concentrations in amniotic fluid and the potency of the teratogenic effect of ethylenethiourea(2-imidazolidinethione, ETU) in the fetuses due to different dose amounts of this compound. The S.P.F. Sprague-Dawley female rats(10 weeks) were used in this study and these animals were divided into four groups; control group(25pregnant female rats), group I (dosed ETU from day 7 to day 17 of gestation at 10mg/kg/day), group II (dosed ETU from day 7 to day 17 of gestation at 30mg/kg/day), group III (dosed ETU from day 7 to day 17 of gestation at 50mg/kg/ day). 250mg/100mg ETU in group I, 750mg/100ml ETU in group II and 1,250mg/100ml ETU in group III were administered 4ml/kg 13.W by oral route. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The anomalies of the external examination werf meningocele in the head, kinky tail, clubfoot and sharp tail.(Meningocele, in group III, significantly increased from control value at p<0.001). 2. The skeletal variations and delayed ossification were Lumbar ribs, asymmetric sternebrae, asymmetric 13th rib and delayed ossification of skull. Asymmetric sternebrae(group III ) was significantly increased from control value at p<0.05 and delayed ossification of skull (group II and III ) were significantly increased from control value at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively. 3. The internal soft tissue anomalies were hydroencephaly of 3th lateral ventricle, dilatation of ureter, dilatation of renal pelvis and cleft palate. (Hydroencephaly, 28.1% in group I, 88.3% in group II and 100% in group III ). 4. Protein values in amniotic fluids are not significantly decreased in 10mg/kg group but significantly(p<0.05) decreased in 30mg/kg group and 50mg/kg group from control group. 5. In the levels of amino acid in amniotic fluids, the levels of glntamic acid, iso-lencine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine of 10mg/kg group are significantly decreased from control group. In 50mg/kg group, except for glycine, valine and methionine, all amino acid levels are significantly(p<0.05) decreased from control group.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility gained in young adults with calf muscle tightness, as measured by increases in ankle active and passive dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) after three stretching interventions. Twenty subjects (5 men and 15 women) with calf muscle tightness received the following three stretching interventions in one leg (assigned at random): static stretching (SS), eccentric training on stable surface (ETS), and eccentric training on unstable surfaces (ETU). The subjects received all three interventions to the same leg, applied in a random order. Each intervention had a break of at least 24 h in-between, in order to minimize any carryover effect. Each intervention used two types of stretching: with the calf muscle stretched and both knees straight, and with the knee slightly bent in order to maximize the activation of the soleus muscle. All three interventions were performed for 200 seconds. We measured the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility through active and passive ankle DFROM before intervention, immediately after intervention (time 0), and then 3, 6, 9, 15, and 30 min after intervention. We found a difference in the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility between the three interventions. In the ETS and ETU interventions, a significant improvement in calf muscle flexibility, both ankle active and passive dorsiflexion ranges of motion (ADFROM and PDFROM), was maintained for 30 min. In the SS intervention, however, ADFROM before 9 min and PDFROM before 6 min were statistically different from the baseline. Our results suggest that ETS and ETU may be more effective than SS for maintaining calf muscle flexibility in young adults.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2016

In this study, we report the fabrication of functional complex fibers, which have been studied widely globally for numerous applications. Here, we fabricated conductive complex fibers with antibacterial properties by coating metal ions on the surface of plastic (polypropylene) fibers using the electroless and electrochemical deposition. First, we polished the polypropylene melt-blown fiber surface and obtained an absorbing Pd seed layer on its surface. Subsequently, we substituted the Pd with Cu. Bis-3-sulfopropyl-disulfide disodium salt (SPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ethylene thiourea (ETU) were used as the brightener, carrier, and leveler, respectively for the electroplating. We focused on most achieving the stable plating condition to remove dendrites, which are normally during electroplating metals so that smooth layer is formed on the fiber surface. The higher the amount of SPS, the higher was the extent of irregular plate-like growth. Many irregularities in the form of round spheres were observed with increase in the amount of PEG and ETU. Hence, when the additives were used separately, a uniform coating could not be obtained. A stable coating was obtained when the three additives were combined and a uniform 5-9 μm thick copper layer with a stable morphology could be obtained around the fiber. We believe that our results can be applied widely to obtain conductive fibers with antibacterial properties and are useful in aiding research on conductive lightweight composite fibers for application in information technology and robotics.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.361-370
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• 1991

The cone and seed production of pitch pine were investigated at two areas(songtan and yangdong) located in kyounggi province. Bymeans of formulas derived from both the regression analysis between the number of seeds and cone length, and between d2·h and number of cones, cone and seed production were estimated. The correlation coefficient value between the number of seeds and cone length was high(r=0.6134). The cone and seed production of pitch pine has a high relationship to the variables-dbh, tree aga , and height of tree. The cone production of pitchpine forest estimated by the formula log(o+s+y+c)=0.581 log(d2·h)-1.317 was 965,832/ha in 1985∼1986, 850,852/ha in 1986∼1987 at songtan, and 462,794/ha in 1985∼1986,916,965/ha in 1986∼1987 at yangdong.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

HPLC/APCI-MS에 의한 dithiocarbamate계 분석법을 확립하고 아울러 국내에서 dithiocarbamate계 농약이 사용되는 쌀, 배추, 사과 등 20종 농산물에 대해 잔류실태를 조사한 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같았다. Dithiocarbamate계 농약 검출건수는 복숭아가 10건 중 3건(30%), 고추가 14건 중 7건(50%), 양파가 12건 중 4건(33.3%), 포도가 12건 중 8건(66.7%), 토마토가 17건 중 7건(41.2%), 감자가 14건 중 4건(28.6%), 구기자가 10건 중 9건(90%), 수박이 10건 중 6건(60%), 양배추가 11건 중 8건(72.7%), 배추가 10건 중 7건(70%), 당근이 12건 중 6건(50%), 오이가 13건 중 8건(61.5%), 쌀이 13건 중 6건(46.2%), 감귤이 11건 중 8건(72.7%), 메론이 16건 중 5건(31.3%), 감이 10건 중 1건(10%), 인삼이 11건 중 1건(9.1%), 대두가 10건 중 2건(20%)으로 100건의 시료에서 42.4%의 검출율을 보였으나 사과와 배 각 10건의 시료에서는 검출되지 않았다. 이 중 기준치를 초과한 농산물은 건 구기자 3건이었으나 기준규격을 설정하여 관리되고 있다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2005

Mancozeb (MCZ) is known to have detrimental effects on the reproductive system, but the toxicity of MCZ on immune responses has not been systematically investigated. We investigated the effects of MCZ exposure on the activities of murine peritoneal macrophages through evaluation of MCZ-induced alteration of nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-\alpha)$ synthesis. Macrophages were examined ex vivo from mice orally treated with various doses of MCZ for 5 consecutive days per week for 4 weeks (subacute exposure, 250, 1000, 1500 mg/kg/day) followed by culture for 2 $(TNF-{\alpha})$ or 3 days (NO) in the presence of LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}$. Macrophages from naive mice were also cultured with various concentrations of MCZ (0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 ${\mu}g//mIL$ in the presence of LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}$ for 2 $(TNF-{\alpha})$ or 3 days (NO) in vitro. NO production was decreased with the in vitro exposure to all concentrations of MCZ. However, the amount of NO production by peritoneal macrophages from MCZ-subacutely exposed mice was increased in comparision with that of control group. In vitro, MCZ suppressed $(TNF-\alpha)$ secretion with significant reduction at 2 ${\mu}g/mL$ MCZ. Conversely, $(TNF-{\alpha})$ release was enhanced ex vivo. This study provides the substantial evidence on MCZ-induced alternation in macrophage activity. In order to clearly understand the contrasting effect of MCZ on peritoneal macrophage activity, it is necessary to further investigate the influence of major metabolite of MCZ (ETU) exposure on the NO production and $(TNF-{\alpha})$ synthesis.