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데데킨트 절단, 배중률, 관계

  • Hong, Seong-Gi
    • Korean Journal of Logic
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.15-46
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    • 2004
  • Um die rationalen Zahlen auf die reellen Zahlen zu erweitern und dadurch die Stetigkeit der reellen Zahlen sicherzustellen, hat der deutsche Mathematiker R. Dedekind im Jahr 1872 in seinem Aufsatz "Stetigkeit und Irrationale Zahlen" einen neuen mathmatischen Begriff $eingef\ddot{u}hrt,\;n\ddot{a}mlich$ 'Schnitt'. Die Menge aller rationalen Zahlen Q wird durch eine rationale Zahl a zu zwei Untermengen $A_1=\{x|x{\leq}a,\;x{\in}Q\}$, $A_2=\{x|x>a,\;x{\in}Q\}$ $vollst\ddot{a}ndig$ geteilt. Wenn wir solche Teilung, d.i. solchen Schnitt mit "$(A_1,\;A_2)$" bezeichnen, ist ein $Identit\ddot{a}tssatz$ "a=$(A_1,\;A_2)$" absolut harmlos. Analog dazu glaubt Dedekind fest, $da{\beta}$ jede irrationale Zahl mit Hilfe von einem entsprechenden Schnitt $einzuf\ddot{u}hren$ ist. Zum Beispiel, falls die zwei Mengen $B_1=\{x|x^2<2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ und $B_2=\{x|x^2>2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ gegeben sind, dann $w\ddot{a}re$ die irrationale Zahl $^{\surd}2$ mit $(B_1,\;B_2)$ gleichzusetzen. Im Fall von einem Schnitt der Menge der rationalen Zahlen durch eine rationale Zahl, $(A_1,\;A_2)$, haben die beiden Untermengen $A_1$ und $A_2$ jwewils ein Supremum und ein Infimum und beide $m\ddot{u}ssen$ identisch sein, aber -wie schon Russell in seinem Buch "Introduction to Mathmatical Philosophy" dies kritisiert- hat ein Schnitt $f\ddot{u}r$ die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahl, $(B_1,\;B_2)$ keine solche $gl\ddot{u}cklichen$ Eigenschaften. Dennoch glaubt Dedekind an eine streng wissenschaftliche Fundierung der irrationalen Zahl fest, und $w\ddot{u}rde$ nach dem Grund seines Glaubens befragt, $k\ddot{o}nnte$ er nur seine Behauptung wiederholen, ein klarer Fall circulus vitiosus. Mit anderen Worten, die $L\ddot{u}cke$ zwischen $B_1$ und $B_2$ durch die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ einer [einzigen] wissenschaftlich fundierten irrationalen Zahl $\ddot{u}berbr\ddot{u}ckt$ und das Ganze zu einem Kontinium gemacht werden sollte, bleibt dieses Vorhaben von Dedekind erst als eine Hoffnung und dessen Resultat kann $h\ddot{o}chstens$ nur als ein Postulat, aber keineswegs als ein methodisch einwandfreier Beweis betrachtet werden. Die Probleme, die mit dem Versuch der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahlen mit Hilfe von Schnitt verbunden sind, sind nicht spezifisch allein im Gebient der Mathmatik, sondern betreffen immer wieder die Rechtfertigungsfrage der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der letzten Bestandteile im bezug auf eine Systemerstellung, egal ob dies System ein Wissenschaftliches oder unsere $allt\ddot{a}gliche$ Sprachhandlung ist. $F\ddot{u}r$ all diese Rechtfertigungsfragen gilt das in der klassischen Logik $g\ddot{a}ngige$ logische Prinzip tertium non datur nicht mehr, aber nicht nur wegen der von praktischen $Unm\ddot{o}glichkeit$, die unendlichen vielen $Gegenst\ddot{a}nde$ durchforschen zu $m\ddot{u}ssen$, das $hei{\beta}t$, wegen der erkenntnistheoretischen $Beschr\ddot{a}nktheit$ des jetzigen Erkenntnisniveau, sondern auch wegen des speziellen ontologischen modus der $eizuf\ddot{u}hrenden$ Objekten. Der Autor des Aufsatzes analysiert $\ddot{a}nliche$ $F\ddot{a}lle$ (das Urmeterbeispiel und die Chrakterisierungen der geometrischen Axiome von Wittgenstein), und versucht mit Hilfe von beiden Begriffen, 'interne' und 'externe' Relation, zu zeigen, $da\beta$ eine gemeinsame, invariante Struktur in den eben genannten $F\ddot{a}llen$ besteht. Am Ende des Aufsatzes setzt der Autor sich mit der logischen Argumentationsstruktur des Zitates tiber 'Grenze' aus Noten von Leonardo da Vinci auseinander, und weist auf einen $m\ddot{o}glichen$ Zusammenhang der Grundidee seienes Aufsatzes mit der Philosophie der indischen Denker $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$ hin, obwohl die zitierten Versen aus dem Hauptwerk von $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$, dem Mittleren Weg$(Madhyamakak\bar{a}rik\bar{a})$ nur andeutend sein $m\ddot{o}gen$.

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OECD High Production Volume Chemicals Program: Ecological Risk Assessment of Copper Cyanide (대량생산화학물질 초기위해성평가: 시안화구리의 초기 생태위해성평가)

  • Baek, Yong-Wook;Kim, Eun-Ju;Yoo, Sun-Kyoung;Ro, Hee-Young;Kim, Hyun-Mi;Eom, Ig-Chun;Kim, Pil-Je
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.272-279
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    • 2011
  • Copper cyanide is a chemical produced in large quantities with 2,500 tonnes being produced in 2006. It is mainly used for electroplating copper, particularly alkali-Cu plate and brass plating. The purpose of this study is to reassess the physicochemical properties and environmental fate of copper cyanide based on reliable data and and to conduct an ecotoxicity test according to the OECD test guidelines as an initial environmental risk assessment (need to state where this was done). Metal containing inorganic substances are not subject to degradation, biodegradation or hydrolysis. Aquatic toxicity tests of copper cyanide were conducted according to OECD test guideline 201, 202 and 203 for green algae, daphnia, and fish, respectively. The following acute toxicity test results were obtained for aquatic species: 0.089 mg $L^{-1}$ (Algae, 72 Hr-$EC_{50}$); 0.21 mg $L^{-1}$ (flea, 48 Hr-$LC_{50}$); 0.62 mg $L^{-1}$ (Fish, 96 Hr-$ErC_{50}$). The chemical possesses properties indicating a hazard for the aquatic environment (acute toxicity in fish, daphnia and algae below 1.0 mg $L^{-1}$). As a result of this study, copper cyanide has become a candidate for detailed risk assessment. Countries that produce this chemical in significant quantities are recommended to perform specific assessments.

Praziquantel($Distocide^{\circledR}$) in Treatment of Clonorchis sinensis Infection (국산 Praziquantel($디스토시드^{\circledR}$)의 간흡충증에 대한 효과)

  • 서병고;이순형금종일홍성태
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.241-245
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    • 1983
  • PraziquantEI ($Distocide^{\circledR}$), the KcrEan product, was tEstEd for its safety and Efficacy in treatmEnt of Clonorchis sinensiJ infccticn during the period from April to SeptembEr, 1983 in Korea. A total of 55 egg positive cases were selected and treated with the regimen of 25 mg/kg t.i.d. for 1 day (total 75 mg/kg). The follow-up stool examination was done in 47 cases by cellophane thir;k smear and Stoll's egg counting techniques. The 8 uncured cases were treated again with the same regimen. The laboratory tests for blood picture and liver function were done in 27 cases and compared before and after the treatment. The results obtainEd are as follows: 1. After single course treatment, the cure and egg reduction rates were 83.0 and 99.1% respectively. With the second treatment, excellent results of 100% in both rates were obtained. 2. Several kinds of side effects such as dizziness, headache, etc. were complained by 29 cases (61.7 %), however, those were so mild and transient that no special treatment was necessary. 3. No significant change in laboratory findings was recognizable before and after the treatment. From the above results, it is concluded that $Distocide^{\circledR}$ is as effective and safe as $Biltricide^{\circledR}$ and highly recommendable in treatment of C. sinensis infection.

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A Survey of Japanese Perception of and Preference for Korean Foods (한국음식에 대한 일본인의 인식 및 기호도 조사)

  • ;;;;Kimiko Otan;Takahisa Minamide
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.188-194
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    • 1998
  • The purpose of this study was to provide those abroad with information about Korean foods and food culture by investigating the Japanese perception and preference for Korean foods. The results were as follows: 53.2% of the Japanese students had much interest in Korean foods and most of students (93.2%) were experience In eating Korean foods. On their first impression of Korean foods, 67.8% of the students answered that it was 'good', and 74.1% of answered their impression after eating Korean foods was 'good'. 83.1% of the students also answered that Korean foods suited their taste because they were 'delicious'. But 16.9% of the students answered that the Korean foods did not suit them because they were too spicey. The most well-known (99.3%) and eaten (96.3%) Korean food by Japanese stutents turned out to be Kimchi. In the preference test for Korean foods, Samgyetang was estimated the most delicious food. In the comparision between Korean Kimchi and Japanese Kimchi, the former was estimated more delicious and spicier than the latter.

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Influences of Discharge Waters from Wastewater Treatment Plants on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Growth and Percolation Water Salinity (폐수처리장 방류수 관개가 벼생육 및 침출수 염농도에 미치는 영향)

  • Shin, Joung-Du;Lee, Jong-Sik;Kim, Won-Il;Lee, Chang-Eun;Yun, Sun-Gang;Eom, Ki-Cheol
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.24-31
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    • 2003
  • Objective of this study was to assess rice growth and percolation water salinity under the irrigation of the discharge waters from the municipal wastewater treatment plant and from the industrial wastewater treatment plant as alternative water resources during transplanting season. Three kinds of waters were irrigated; the discharge water from an industrial wastewater treatment plant (DIWT), the discharge water from the municipal wastewater treatment plant (DMWT), and groundwater. Concentrations of $COD_{er}$, $NH_4{^+}_-N$, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Ni^+$ in DIWT, SS content and $PO_4-P$ concentrations in DMWT were higher than those of reuse water criteria of other country for agricultural irrigation. The plant height in the irrigation of DMWT was shorter by 2 cm than the groundwater irrigation except for 10 days irrigation. However, the number of tillerings was not significantly different between DMWT and the groundwater. For the harvest index, there were no significant difference between DMWT and DIWT for 20 days irrigation, but slightly higher in DIWT than that of DMWT for 30 days irrigation regardless of soil types. The salinity of percolation water in the rhizosphere with irrigation of DIWT had more twofold than DMWT, but SAR value from DMWT had no significantly different from the groundwater irrigation. The average $EC_i$ values in the rooting zone irrigated with DIWT and DMWT for 30 days after rice transplanting were 4.7 and $3.4dS\;m^{-1}$ in clay loam soil, and were 3.5 and $2.5dS\;m^{-1}$ in sandy loam soil, respectively. There was dramatic decrease in $EC_i$ value at 30 days after rice transplanting even though $EC_i$ of DIWT had more twofold than DMWT. However, $EC_i$ from DMWT had no significant difference from the groundwater. Therefore, it might be considered that there was limited possibility to irrigate DMWT to overcome drought injury of rice transplanting season in paddy field.

Chemical Properties on the Quality of Marketed Roasting Green teas (시판 덖음녹차의 품질에 따른 이화학적 특성)

  • 신미경;장미경;서은숙
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.356-361
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    • 1995
  • This study was conducted to know the quality of marketed green teas which were devided into high, middle and low grade according to the price. we examined the content of water, ash, total nitrogen, tannin, caffeine, chlorophyll and color value and did sensory evaluation. The results were as follows: 1) The content of water was 2.17-3.67% and content of ash was 4.50-5.17%, there were no significant difference in each grade. 2) The content of total nitrogen was 4.38% in high grade, 4.60% in middle grade and 4.68% in low grade. 3) The content of tannin was 11.09% in high grade, 14.22% in middle grade and 14.44% in low grade, middle and low grade were significantly higher than high grade. 4) The nitrogen rate to tannin (N/T) was 39.5% in high grade, 32.6% in middle grade and 32.70% in low grade, N/T rate of high grade was significantly highest than others. 5) The content of caffeine is 1.78% in high grade, 1.32% in middle grade and 0.92% in low grade, high and middle grade were significantly higher than low grade. 6) The content of total chlorophyll is 297.37 mg% in high grade, 192.89 mg% in middle grade and 204.79 mg% in low grade, chlorophyll a was 69.23 mg% in high grade, 51.99 mg% in middle grade and 63.42 mg% in low grade, and chlorophyll b was 228.47 mg% in high grade, 131.21 mg% in middle grade and 141.63 mg% in low grade. 7) Yellow value of high and middle grade were significantly higher than low grade, but blue and red value were no significant diffrence in groups. 8) In sensory evaluation, appearance, taste, odor of high grade were better than others and total score was 15.25 in high grade, 12.97 in middle grade and 9.80 in low grade. 9) Price had a positive correlation with caffeine, appearance and taste, but a negative correlation with tannine. NT rate had a negative correlation with tannine, but a positive correlation with caffeine.

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A basic research for evaluation of a Home Care Nursing Delivery System (가정간호 서비스 질 평가를 위한 도구개발연구)

  • Kim, Mo-Im;Cho, Won-Jung;Kim, Eui-Sook;Kim, Sung-Kyu;Chang, Soon-Bok;Ryu, Ho-Sihn
    • Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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    • v.6
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    • pp.33-45
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

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Effects of High Stocking Density on the Expressions of Stress and Lipid Metabolism Associated Genes in the Liver of Chicken (닭의 고밀도 사양체계가 스트레스 및 지방대사 연관 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향)

  • An, Young Sook;Park, Jeong Geun;Jang, In Surk;Sohn, Sea Hwan;Moon, Yang Soo
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.22 no.12
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    • pp.1672-1679
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    • 2012
  • The effect of high stocking density (HSD) on the expression of stress and lipid metabolism associated genes in the liver of broiler chickens was examined by chicken genome array analysis. The chickens in a control group were randomly assigned to a $495cm^2/bird$ stocking density, whereas the chickens in a HSD group were arranged in a $245cm^2/bird$ stocking density with feeding ad libitum for 35 days. The chickens assigned to the HSD group had a significantly lower body weight, weight gain, and feed intake compared with those of the control group (p<0.05). The mortality of chickens was higher in the HSD group than in the control group. The microarray analysis indicated up-regulation of stress associated genes such as HMGCR, $HSP90{\alpha}$, HSPA5 (GRP78/Bip), DNAJC3 and ATF4, and down-regulation of interferon-${\gamma}$ and PDCD4 genes. The endoplasmic reticulum stress associated genes, HSPA5 (GRP78/Bip), DNAJC3 and ATF4, were highly expressed in the HSD group. The genes, ACSL5, TMEM195 and ELOVL6, involved in fatty acid synthesis, were elevated in the HSD group. The genes, ACAA1, ACOX1, EHHADH, LOC423347 and CPT1A, related to fatty acid oxidation, were also activated in the HSD group. These results suggest that a HSD rearing system stimulates the genes associated with fatty acid synthesis as well as fatty acid oxidation in the liver of broiler chickens.

Structural Features of Various Trichomes in Vitex negundo during Development (방향성 좀목형(Vitex negundo)모용의 구조적 분화발달)

  • Lee, Seung-Hee;Kim, In-Sun
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.35-45
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    • 2006
  • Plants of Vitex negundo are known to develop numerous trichomes throughout their body, where certain trichome types have been believed to be one of the plausible structures for the unique scents. In the current study. structural aspects of the trichomes have been examined in leaves and stems of Vitex negundo using TEM and SEM. Trichome types as well as structural changes that occurred in certain trichomes during secretion have been mainly focused. Three type of glandular trichomes and two types of non-glandular trichomes were developed in the epidermis of young and mature Vitex negundo plants. The glandular trichomes included the peltate type (Type 1), the capitate type (Type 2), and degraded capitate type (Type 3), whereas the non-glandular warty trichomes contained the multicellular (Types 4) and unicellular type (Type 5). Type 1 and 2 consisted of head and stalk cells, but their number and size were different. One secretory cavity was formed from the four head cells in the former, but only two head cells were involved in the latter. The cytoplasmic density in the head cell was quite high and in particular, sER and Golgi bodies were well developed. At initiation of their development, the cuticle layer of the head cells separated from the outer tangential wall to form a secretory cavity. Subsequently the cavity expanded acropetally and a large number of secretory vesicles continuously produced from the head cells until they filled the entire cavity. The cavity contained materials that would be soon discharged into intercellular spaces and/or into the air. The cavity began to decrease the volume by contracting at initial secretion but degrade rapidly within short time. It has been suggested that the mode of secretion in V. negundo is probably the eccrine secretion, since no break or rupture of the cavity has been observed during examination. Contrastingly Type 3 exhibited deterioration of the head cell at early stage. Type 4 was about $110{\sim}190{\mu}m$ long, consisting of $2{\sim}3$ cells, and distributed more in the adaxial epidermis compared to the abaxial surface. However, $20{\sim}30{\mu}m$ long Type 5 was extremely dense in both epidermis. Among several trichome types, Type 1 and 2 probably play an important role in discharging unique aromatic scents in plants of V. negundo.

Cultivation Condition of Transformant Alcaligenes eutrophus Harboring Cloned phbC Gene for Production of P(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalernte) Containing High Molar Fraction of 3-Hydroxyvalerate. (P(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate)의 생산을 위한 재조합 phbC 유전자를 형질전환시킨 Alcaligenes eutrophus의 배양조건 검토)

  • 권순일;정영미;이용현
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.537-544
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    • 1998
  • The cultivation conditions of transformant Alcaligenes eutrophus AER5 harboring cloned phbC gene for mass production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate)[P(3HB-3HV)] containing high molar fraction of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3-HV) were investigated. In two-stage batch cultivation, transformant accumulated P(3HB-3HV) containing 52.2 mol% of 3HV compared to 30 mol% of parent strain A. eutrophus H16. The increased 3-HV molar fraction was due to the amplified activity of PHB synthase participating in condensation of 3-HB and 3-HV. To increase efficiency of P(3HB-3HV) accumulation, fructose was added along with precursor compound valerate, and total cell mass and P(3HB-3HV) concentrations remarkably increased, but not 3-HV molar fraction. The effect of magnesium ion showed that P(3HB-3HV) concentration and 3-HV molar fraction were significantly increased upto 6.1 g/L and 71.3 mol% at 0.01 g/L of MgSO$_4$, respectively. The efficiency of several pH adjuster, NaOH, NaOH and (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$, and NH$_4$OH, on total cell mass, p(3HB-3HV) concentration, and 3-HV molar fraction was also compared. To overcome the disadvantage of two-stage cultivation, one-stage intermittent fed-batch cultivation was attempted, such a way 10.0 g/L of fructose was supplied for cell growth at initial 36 hr and then 10.0 g/L of valerate and 5.0 g/L of fructose were applied to induce the accumulation of P(3HB-3HV), consequently, 10.4 g/L of P(3HB-3HV) with 38 mol% of 3-HV fraction could be obtained after 72 hr. These results can be used for elucidating cultivation strategy for mass production of P(3HB-3HV) containing high 3-HV molar fraction using transformant A. eutrophus AER5 harboring cloned phbC gene.

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