• 환경생물
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• 제22권
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• pp.30-37
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• 2004

PCB 화합물 및 유기기염소계농약류는 난분해성이며 독성이 높은 대표적인 유기오염물질로서 환경 중에 배출되면 오랜 시간 잔류하게 된다. 대부분의 유기염소계화합물은 우선적 관찰 및 규제 대상물질로 분류되어 지구적 관심을 모으고 있다. 광양만은 대단위의 공업단지가 밀집해있고 반폐쇄적인 지형학적 구조를 가지고 있어 유기염소계화합물의 오염이 우려되는 대표적인 해역이다. 본 연구에서는 오염 모니터링에 대표적으로 이용되는 퇴적물과 부착성 이매패류를 채집하여 분석함으로써 광양만내 지속성유기 염소계화합물의 잔류현황을 파악하고 각 화합물의 분포특성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 퇴적물 및 생물에잔류하는 유기염소계화합물은 전반적으르_ 낮은 농도를 나타냈으며, 독성학적 관점에서 볼 때 생태계에 미치는 영향은 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 퇴적물 및 이매패류 모두에서 PCB화합물은 만의 안쪽에서 상대적으로 높은 분포패턴을 보이고 있다. 이는 만의 안쪽에 PCB오염원이 존재함을 보여준다. 광양만 퇴적물층에서의 PCB화합물은 Low-chlorinated PCB (Di-, Tri-, Tetra-PCBs)가 우세한 조성을 나타냈다. 이는 대부분의 연안해역의 퇴적물 층에서 전반적으로 Mid- 혹은 High-chlorinated PCB가 우세한 점을 고려할 때 광양만의 독특한 패턴으로서 PCB 화합물의 오염원의 종류 및 유입경로와 관계되는 것으로 사료되며 이에 대한 차후의 연구가 필요하다. DDT 화합물 및 기타 유기염소계농약류의 조성비는 광양만내로의 유기염소계농약의 최근 유입의 가능성이 상대적으로 적어졌음을 나타냈다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.151-165
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix (AP) and Acanthopanacis Cortex (AT) extracts in bone-derived adipocyte OP9 cell, osteoclast and osteoblast-like MG63 cells. Methods : MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of AP and AT extracts on OP9, osteoclast and MG63 cells. OP9 cells were treated with AP and AT, and the alterations in fat storage in the cells were determined by the Oil red O. To explain effects of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophages, we performed the TRAP staining. The protein level of CAAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) as a adipocyte differentiation marker, and adiponectin was examined using western blot in differentiated OP9 cells. Effects of related genes were confirmed by luciferase assay using reporter assay. Results : AP and AT was not toxic on OP9 and MG63 cells, but AT was a little cytotoxic to osteoclast at the dose of $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. They could inhibit differentiation of OP9 cells and osteoclast with results of oil red O staining and TRAP staining. By western blot, AP and AT decreased the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ which is the key transcription factor in adipogenesis and adiponectin secretion. AT also inhibited the BMP-4 activity in luciferase assay. AP also inhibited BMP-4 and Wnt3a activity, stimulated ER-${\beta}$ activity but inhibited androgen receptor activity. Conclusions : These results show AP and AT can be useful in osteoporosis and obesity via inhibition of osteoclast and adipocyte differentiation.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1985

Fibricola seoulensis 감염에 대한 praziquantel의 치료효과를 횐쥐 실험감염을 통하여 관찰하였다. 피낭유충은 뱀의 내장으로부터 분리한 것을 사용하였고 총 51마리의 횐쥐에 각각 500개 또는 1,000개씩을 감염시켰다. 감염 1주 또는 4주후에 praziquantel 1,5,10 또는 20mg/kg 용량을 투여하고 3일후 및 10∼120분후에 흰쥐를 회생시킨 다음 소장으로부터 충체를 회수하였다. 투약 3일후 충체회수율은 치료하지 않은 대조군의 51.3%에 비해 매우 낮아 1mg/kg군의 경우 10.7%, 5∼20mg/kg군의 경우 0.03∼0.%로 나타났다. 따라서 횐쥐의 윤. seouEensis감염을 치료하기 위한 praziquantel의 최소 유효투여량은 5mg/kg인 것으로 생각되었다. 투약후 횐쥐 소장 부위별 충체 분포상황을 관찰함으로써 충체가 배출되는 과정의 일부를 확인하고자 한 바 투약 10분후 이미 많은 충체가 정상 기생부위인 십이지장에서 공장으로 밀려내려간 것이 관찰되었고, 60∼120분후에는 대부분의 충체가 회장 및 맹장에서 회수되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2005

The mechanism underlying oxidant-induced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) increase was studied in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) using fura-2 AM. In the presence of 2 mM extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, the application of DTBNP ($20{\mu}M$), a membrane-permeable oxidant, caused an increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, and DTT (2 mM) as a reductant completely reversed the effect of DTBNP. The $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase induced by DTBNP was also observed in an extracellular $Ca^{2+}$-free/2 mM EGTA solution, indicating the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from intracellular store(s). After endoplasmic reticulum was depleted by an $IP_3$-generating agonist, ATP ($30{\mu}M$) or an ER $Ca^{2+}$ pump inhibitor, thapsigargin ($1{\mu}M$), DTBNP-stressed BAECs showed an increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in $Ca^{2+}$-free/2 mM EGTA solution. Ratio-differences before and after the application of DTBNP after pretreatment with ATP or thapsigargin were $0.42{\pm}0.15$ and $0.49{\pm}0.07$, respectively (n=7), which are significantly reduced, compared to the control value of $0.72{\pm}0.07$ in a $Ca^{2+}$-free/2 mM EGTA solution. After the protonophore CCCP ($10{\mu}M$) challenge to release mitochondrial $Ca^{2+}$, the similar result was obtained. Ratio-difference before and after the application of DTBNP after pretreatment with CCCP was $0.46{\pm}0.09$ (n=7). Simultaneous application of thapsigargin and CCCP completely abolished the DTBNP-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase. The above results together indicate that the increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ by DTBNP resulted from the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2015

목적 : 본 연구는 오차배제훈련을 병행한 시간차회상훈련이 경도인지장애(Mild Cognitive Impairment; MCI) 환자의 기억력에 미치는 효과와 수단적 일상생활(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IADL) 및 우울에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 주간보호시설에 등록된 78세 MCI 노인을 대상으로 단일 대상 실험 연구 중 ABA 설계를 사용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 연구를 진행한 총 16회기 중 기초선 A는 총 3회기, 중재기간 B는 총 10회기, 기초선 A'는 총 3회기였다. 기억력을 측정하기 위한 회기별 평가로 Rey-Kim 언어 기억 검사(K-Auditory Verbal Learning Test; K-AVLT)를 사용하였고, 인지기능, IADL 수행 능력, 우울을 측정하기 위하여 각각 한국판 몬트리올 인지평가(Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA-K), 필라델피아 노인 센터 IADL 도구(Philadelphia Geriatric Center Instrumental Activities Daily Living; PGC IADL), 한국판 노인우울척도(Geriatric Depression Scale Korean Version; GDS-K)를 사용하였다. 결과 : 대상자는 기초선 A기간에 비하여 중재를 제공한 B기간에서의 즉시회상 및 지연회상이 현저히 증가하였다. 또한, 즉시회상과 지연회상 모두 B 기간에서 증가하던 측정값의 경향이 중재를 제거한 후인 기초선 A'구간에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. MoCA-K 점수는 향상을 보였으며, PGC IADL 점수는 중재 전과 후가 같았고 GDS-K의 점수는 감소하였다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 MCI 환자를 대상으로 실시한 오차배제훈련을 병행한 시간차 회상훈련의 근거를 확고히 하였다. 나아가 MCI 환자들이 기억력과 함께 어려움을 겪는 요인을 향상시키기 위한 중재 및 기억력과 다른 기능적 요소들에 대한 상관관계에 대하여 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2020

본 논문은 장단기기억신경망(LSTM)이 영어를 배우면서 학습한 암묵적 통사 관계인 필러-갭 의존 관계를 조사하여 영어 문장 학습량과 한국인 영어 학습자(L2ers)의 문장 처리 패턴 간의 상관관계를 규명한다. 이를 위해, 먼저 장단기기억신경망 언어모델(LSTM LM)을 구축하였다. 이 모델은 L2ers가 영어 학습 과정에서 잠재적으로 배울 수 있는 L2 코퍼스의 영어 문장들로 심층학습을 하였다. 다음으로, 이 언어 모델을 이용하여 필러-갭 의존 관계 구조를 위반한 영어 문장을 대상으로 의문사 상호작용 효과(wh-licensing interaction effect) 즉, 정보 이론의 정보량인 놀라움(surprisal)의 정도를 계산하여 문장 처리 양상을 조사하였다. 또한 L2ers 언어모델과 상응하는 원어민 언어모델을 비교 분석함으로써, 두 언어모델이 문장 처리에서 필러-갭 의존 관계에 내재된 추상적 구문 구조를 추적할 수 있음을 보여주었을 뿐만 아니라, 또한 선형 혼합효과 회귀모델을 사용하여 본 논문의 중심 연구 주제인 의존 관계 처리에 있어서 원어민 언어모델과 L2ers 언어모델간 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 존재함을 규명하였다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제19권1호통권32호
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• pp.26-40
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• 2006

It is generally understood that San Bu Jiu Hou is the pulse form at CunGuanChi(寸關尺) as in ${\ulcorner}$NanJing(難經)${\lrcorner}$. However, it is totally different in ${\ulcorner}$HuangDiNeiJing${\lrcorner}$. This only appears in tew chapters of ${\ulcorner}$SuWen(素問)${\lrcorner}$ and does not appear in ${\ulcorner}$LingShu(靈樞)${\lrcorner}$. SanBu in ${\ulcorner}$SuWen SanBuJiuHouLun${\lrcorner}$ refers to top, middle, bottom and each part is divided into 3 parts, Tian(天), Di(地), Ren(人) to form JiuHou, and through Jiu Hou, not only does it diagnose ShenZang(神臟) and XingZang(形臟), but also goes on to form a diagnostic system by fusing diagnostic skill and treatment into one. ${\ulcorner}$JiuZhenShiErYuan(九針十二原)${\lrcorner}$ discusses detailed shapes and functions of nine types of acupuncture, and the ${\ulcorner}$GuanZhen(官針)${\lrcorner}$ explains how to manipulate Jiu Zhen adequately, but there is more to it than just shape and function in techniques of acupuncture. It is because it fuses (or merges) pathology, diagnostics, treatment etc to form a single diagnosis system. ${\ulcorner}$JinFu(禁服)${\lrcorner}$ discusses about nine types of acupuncture of pulse form and effect, which are treatment means based on RenYingCunKouMaiFa(人迎寸口脈法). Various pulse daignosises exist in ${\ulcorner}$HuangDiNeiJing${\lrcorner}$, but those influence of future generations can be divided into SanBuJiuHouMaiFa(三部九候脈法) and RenYingCunKouMaiFa(人迎寸口脈法), and which medical ideologies this kind of pulse daignosis originates from should be discusssed. We will finally expolre and report the process its development into 寸尺脈(Cun Chi Mai).

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2004

Benzoyl peroxide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 1,371 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. The substance is mainly used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in the plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour and medication for acne vulgaris. In this study, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) are used for getting adequate information on the physical -chemical properties of this chemical. And hydrolysis in water, acute toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms for benzoyl peroxide were studied. The physical -chemical properties of benzoyl peroxide were estimated as followed; vapor pressure=0.00929 Pa, Log $K_{ow}$ = 3.43, Henry's Law constant=3.54${\times}$10$^{-6}$ atm-㎥/mole at $25^{\circ}C$, the half-life of photodegradation=3 days and bioconcentration factor (BCF)=92. Hydrolysis half-life of benzoyl peroxide in water was 5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$ and according to the structure of this substance hydrolysis product was expected to benzoic acid. Benzoyl peroxide has toxic effects on the aquatic organisms. 72 hr-Er $C_{50}$ (growth rate) for algae was 0.44 mg/1.,48 hr-E $C_{50}$ for daphnia was 0.07mg/L and the 96hr-L $C_{50}$ of acute toxicity to fish was 0.24mg/L. Acute toxicity to terrestrial organisms (earth worm) of benzoyl peroxide was low (14 day-L $C_{50}$ = > 1,000 mg/kg). Although benzoyl peroxide is high toxic to aquatic organisms, the substance if not bioaccumulated because of the rapid removal by hydrolysis (half-life=5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$) and biodegradation (83% by BOD after 21 days). The toxicity observed is assumed to be due to benzoyl peroxide rather than benzoic acid, which shows much lower toxicity to aquatic organisms. One can assume that effects occur before hydrolysis takes place. From the acute toxicity value of algae, daphnia and fish, an assessment factor of 100 was used to determine the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The PNEC was calculated to be 0.7$\mu\textrm{g}$/L based on the 48 hr-E $C_{50}$ daphnia (0.07 mg/L). The substance shows high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms and some information indicates wide-dispersive ore of this substance. So this substance is, a candidate for further work, even if it hydrolysis rapidly and has a low bioaccumulation potential. This could lead to local concern for the aquatic environment and therefore environmental exposure assessment is recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.471-477
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• 2000

In the rabbit renal artery, acetylcholine $(ACh,\;1\;nM{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$ induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of arterial rings precontracted with norepinephrine $(NE,\;1\;{\mu}M)$ in a dose-dependent manner. $N^G-nitro- L-arginine$ (L-NAME, 0.1 mM), an inhibitor of NO synthase, or ODQ $(1\;{\mu}M),$ a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, partially inhibited the ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation. The ACh-induced relaxation was abolished in the presence of 25 mM KCl and L-NAME. The cytochrome P450 inhibitors, 7- ethoxyresorufin $(7-ER,\;10\;{\mu}M),$ miconazole $(10\;{\mu}M),$ or 17-octadecynoic acid $(17-ODYA,\;10\;{\mu}M),$ failed to inhibit the ACh-induced relaxation in the presence of L-NAME. 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid $(11,12-EET,\;10\;{\mu}M)$ had no relaxant effect. The ACh-induced relaxation observed in the presence of L-NAME was significantly reduced by a combination of iberiotoxin $(0.3\;{\mu}M)$ and apamin $(1\;{\mu}M),$ and almost completely blocked by 4-aminopyridine (5 mM). The ACh-induced relaxation was antagonized by $P_{2Y}$ receptor antagonist, cibacron blue $(10\;and\;100\;{\mu}M),$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 2-methylthio-ATP (2MeSATP), a potent $P_{2Y}$ agonist, induced the endothelium-dependent relaxation, and this relaxation was markedly reduced by either the combination of iberiotoxin and apamin or by cibacron blue. In conclusion, in renal arteries isolated from rabbit, ACh produced non-NO relaxation that is mediated by an EDHF. The results also suggest that ACh may activate the release of ATP from endothelial cells, which in turn activates $P_{2Y}$ receptor on the endothelial cells. Activation of endothelial $P_{2Y}$ receptors induces a release of EDHF resulting in a vasorelaxation via a mechanism that involves activation of both the voltage-gated $K^+$ channels and the $Ca^{2+}-activated\;K^+\;channels$. The results further suggest that EDHF does not appear to be a cytochrome P450 metabolite.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.86-103
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyse the domestic trends of Traditional Korean Medicine on Hot flush in menopausal women. Methods: We searched six databases and selected relevant papers according to the criteria. Results: 12 papers included case report, literature review, randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), Non-RCTs, and retrospective chart analysis study design. 1. The daily diary, Kupperman's Index, Menopause Rating Scale, Menopause-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging were used as a measure of the symptoms of hot flush. 2. There were significant correlations between Thermographic images, Pulse energy, Lifestyle Habits, Low frequency power/High frequency power (LF/HF) ratio and certain items of Menopausal Symptoms Measurement. 3. The case report using Er-Xian decoction and Hwangryunhaedoktang-Gamibang showed significant effect. 4. Domestic RCT studies using herbal or acupuncture treatments showed a significant value of 3.4 on average in the quality assessment conducted in the study. However, the number of domestic studies included was five, which is not enough compared to foreign countries. Conclusions: This study examined domestic research trends on hot flushes of menopausal women and found that various evaluation tools and diagnostic methods were applied. It is necessary to conduct various RCT studies in Korea, where the number of studies is insufficient compared to overseas.