• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2008

Estrogen-induced proliferation in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells is primarily mediated through two distinct intracellular receptors, $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$. Although tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF{\alpha}$) and $E2/ER{\alpha}$ are known to exert opposing effects on cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells, the mechanism by which $TNF{\alpha}$ antagonizes $E2/ER{\alpha}$-mediated cell proliferation is not well understood. The present study suggests that reduced cell survival in response to $TNF{\alpha}$ treatment in MCF-7 cells may be associated with the down-regulation of $ER{\alpha}$ protein. The decrease in $ER{\alpha}$ protein level was accompanied by an inhibition of $ER{\alpha}$ gene transcription. Cell viability was decreased synergistically by the combined treatment with $ER{\alpha}$-siRNA and $TNF{\alpha}$. Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with the PI3-kinase (PI3K)/ Akt inhibitor, LY294002, markedly enhanced $TNF{\alpha}$-induced down-regulation of the $ER{\alpha}$ protein, suggesting that the PI3K/Akt pathway might be involved in control of the $ER{\alpha}$ level. Moreover, down-regulation of $ER{\alpha}$ by $TNF{\alpha}$ was not inhibited in cells that were pretreated with the proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and MG152, which suggests that proteasome-dependent proteolysis does not significantly influence $TNF{\alpha}$-induced down-regulation of $ER{\alpha}$ protein. In contrast, the effect of the PI3K/Akt inhibitor on $ER{\alpha}$ was blocked in cells that were treated with LY294002 in the presence of the proteasome inhibitors. Collectively, our findings show that the $TNF{\alpha}$ may partly regulate the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells through the down-regulation of $ER{\alpha}$ expression, which is primarily mediated by a PI3K/Akt signaling.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.512-520
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• 2005

Phytoestrogens, especially Yak-kong or soybean-derived isoflavones have been traditionally used as a supplement of estrogen for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis in oriental folk medicine. In a previous study, we demonstrated that as Yak-kong and soybean increased MG-63 human osteoblastic cell proliferation, the expression of estrogen receptor $\alpha\;and\;beta\;(ER\;\alpha:\;ER\;\beta$) both were increased. However, the increased level of ER $\alpha$ is much higher than that of ER$\beta$. To determine whether the altered level of ER $\alpha$ expression affects Yak-kong or soybean induced MG-63 cell proliferation, we established cell lines stably expressing either ER $\alpha$ or antisense ER $\alpha$ RNAs. Increased expression of ER a in MG- 63 cells (ER $\alpha$-MG63) enhanced Yak-kong or soybean induced proliferation which paralleled with the enhanced expression of IGF-I. Inhibition of ER $\alpha$ expression by antisense $ER\;\alpha\;RNAs\;(As-ER\;\alpha-MG63$) caused these cells to insensitize Yak- kong or soybean induced proliferation and IGF-I expression. Furthermore, the comparable effects between Yak-kong and the combined treatment of genistein and daidzein at $0.5\;{\times}\;10^{-8}M$, which is a concentration of these two isoflavones similar to Yak-kong at 0.001 mg/ml, on cell proliferation and IGF-I expression in $ER\;\alpha-MG63\;or\;As-ER\;\alpha-MG63$ cells demonstrate that ER $\alpha$ plays an important, active role in MG-63 cell proliferation induced by phytoestrogens, especially Yak-kong or soybean derived isoflavones.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.52-64
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• 1996

This paper presents an active position control of a single-rod cylinder system featuring an electrorheological(ER) fluid-based valve. The ER fluid consisting of silicone oil and chemically treated particles is firstly composed and its Bingham property is tested as a function of imposed electric field. A multi-channel plate type of ER valve is then designed and manufactured on the basis of the field-dependent Bingham model. Performance test of the ER valve is undertaken by evaluating pressure drop with respect to the number of electrode as well as the intensity of the electric field. Subsequently, the ER valve-cylinder system is constructed and its governing equation of motion is derived. A neural control scheme for position control of the cylinder is formulated by incorporating proportional-plus-derivative(PD) controller and implemented. Experimental results of both regulating and tracking control responses are presented in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed ER valve-cylinder control system.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2003

Electro-rheological(ER) fluids are suspensions in which rheological properties show an abrupt change with variation of electric fields. We modeled the parallel-plates relating to ER-Valve system and yielded shear stress according to the strength of electric field. The purpose of the present study is to examine the flow characteristics of ER fluids according to the strength of electric field between parallel-plates. Then the steady relationship between pressure drop and flow rate of the ER fluids between parallel-plates under application of an electric fields was measured. The pressure drop and flow rates of ER fluids under the application of electric fields for steady flow were measured. For the experiment, we used the ER fluids, 35w% zeolite having hydrous particles and differential pressure gauge. This test reviewed experiment for the special changes of ER fluids in the steady flow condition.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.92-97
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• 2012

In this study, ER fluids were working fluid and yield shear stress of attained dispersive ER fluids made by analyzed to adapt effectively at the practical equipment like three port ER valve. In addition, movement of ER particle was observed by using a microscope the same as the strength of electric field with Bingham characteristic. Basis material was presented to develop 3 port ER-Valve by quantitatively comparing and analyzing entrance, load and outlet flow's differences of 3 port rectangular tubes. This study, after designing and producing the 3port ER-Valve, considered the characteristic of pressure drop, outlet and load flow rate by changing the strength of electric field on ER fluids flowing between electrodes.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 1997

ER clutch is a device using ER fluid, so called "intelligent material" and is a power transmission system controlled with electric field strength. In this paper(Part III), the behavior of ER clutch under proper conditions was investigated experimentally and compared to theoretical analyses developed from Part I, II. Considering the optimum design concept proposed from Part I, the concentric cylinder type of ER clutch was designed and the experimental apparatus for the performance test was constructed. The comparisons made indicated that the power transmission model of ER clutch and the temperature rise model of ER fluid developed from Part I, II were acceptable for engineering design calculations.culations.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.1441-1444
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• 1996

This paper presents the position control of a double-rod cylinder system activated by an electrotheological(ER) valve unit. Following the composition of a silicone oil-based ER fluid, theological properties of the ER fluid are experimentally tested as a function of imposed electric fields to determine appropriate design parameters of the ER valve. The ER valves are then designed and manufactured. Subsequently, the pressure drop of the ER valve is evaluated with respect to the intensity of the electric field. Four ER valves bridge-cylinder system is formulated, and the governing equations for the system are derived. A neural network control scheme is then synthesized to perform the position control of the cylinder system. Tracking control responses are experimentally evaluated and presented in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.61-66
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• 2001

Electro-Rheological(ER) fluids undergo a phase-change when subjected to an external electric field, and this phase-change typically manifests itself as a many-order-of magnitude change in the rheological behavior. This paper presents experimental results on material properties for an ER fluids of arabic gum components subjected to electrical fatigues. As a first step, ER fluids are made of arabic gum 25% of particle weight-concentration. Following the construction of test mechanism for estimated durability of ER fluid, the dynamic yield stress, shear stress and current density of the ER fluids are experimentally distilled as a function of DC electric field. The durability estimation of operated ER fluids are distilled and compared with those of unused ER fluids. In addition, the surface roughness of the employed electrode for copper and aluminum are evaluated as a function of the number of the electric-field cycles.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.638-642
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• 2003

This paper presents a parameter design of an Electrorheological(ER) panel for noise reduction using Taguchi method. Taguchi method is a robust design method that determines control parameters in the presence of noise effect. Host structure thickness, spacer thickness, base oil viscosity and the weight ratio of ER particles are chosen for the control factors. A test setup in an SAE J1400 facility is used to analyze the sound transmission loss. The sensitivity of each factor with signal-to-noise(S/N) ratio and analysis of variance are investigated. The analysis results show that the weight ratio of ER particle and base oil viscosity of the ER fluid mostly affects the noise reduction in the presence of electric field. Based on the Taguchi method, an optimal configuration was designed and comparison is made with experimental result fer the verification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 1998

This paper presents a new concept of a commercial vehicle seat suspension system. The proposed suspension system features an ER(electro-rheological)damper which can produce continuously tunable damping forces by control elecric fields. A dynamic model of the ER damper is first achieved by incorporating Bingham property of the ER fluid, followed by the formulation of governing equations of motion for the suspension system The effectiveness of the proposed ER seat suspension system is evaluated by investigating vibration with respect to sinusoidal inputs.