• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate effects of a critical pathway (CP) for stroke patients seen in emergency rooms (ER). Method: The CP developed by the CP committee consisted of 8 criteria: behavior of doctors and nurses, laboratory tests, Image testing, medication, treatment, activity, and nutrition. According to application of CP, a control group (n=17) and experimental group (n=17) were defined. Time was checked by the electronic medical records. Result: Use of CP for stroke patients in the ER, resulted in a decreased length of stay in ER (t=2.341, p=.026), and time required for image testing (t=2.623, p=.021), and an increased number of patients using rtPA ($x^2$=4.802, p=.049). Time required for neurology doctor contact, for neurology doctor to see patient in the ER, and for report of blood tests decreased, but there were no statistical significance. Conclusion: Quick responses are most important in the ER, so CP for these patients is a very effective patient management tool. To reduce delay in stroke diagnosis, continuous education programs for similar symptoms are necessary. CPs for other patients in the ER should be developed, and studies on cost and satisfaction, as well as length of stay, should be done.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 2014

Objectives : Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.(ER) and Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (CS) have multiple applications and were known to have anti-inflammatory effects. In the current study, we investigated to clearly understand the mechanism of therapeutic role for CS, ER and their combination in CIA model mice. Methods : DBA/1OlaHsd mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen. After a second collagen immunization, mice were treated with CS, ER and their combination once a day for 7 weeks. Cytokine production and gene expression were assessed during CIA (collagen-induced arthritis) model mice in knee joint, lymph node (LN) using ELISA and FACS analysis. The severity of arthritis within the knee joints was evaluated by histological assessment of cartilage destruction and pannus formation. Result : Oral administration of CS, ER and their combination (150 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the progression of CIA, and significantly suppressed the progression of CIA and inhibited the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 in serum. The erosion of cartilage was dramatically reduced in mouse knees after treatment with CS plus ER. Conclusion : These result suggest that CS plus ER significantly suppressed the progression of CIA and that this action was characterized by the decreased production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and collagen II specific antibody in serum.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.449-453
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• 2003

In a broadband erbium-doped fiber source for fiber optic gyroscope, a pump-polarization scrambling scheme is used to suppress the polarization dependence of the source mean wavelength. The degree of polarization of the pump is reduced to 1.4% by applying proper modulation depth to the polarization modulator where 10 m-long single-mode fiber is wound on a cylindrical PZT. In the case of using the pump-polarization scrambler as well as the output depolarizer, the mean-wavelength variations due to the random change of polarization are measured to be less than our measurement limit of 5 ppm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.10c
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• pp.136-138
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• 2002

관계형 OLAP 시스템에서는 다차원 분석에 사용될 데이터를 하나의 사실과 여러 개의 차원 테이블로 구성된 스타 스키마로 표현한다. 사실 테이블은 측정치의 속성을 포함하며, 차원 테이블들은 이러한 사실 테이블에서 중심으로 뻗어져 나온 형태로써, 측정치에 대한 정보를 제공한다. 방대한 크기의 OLTP 소스 데이타베이스로부터 사실과 차원 테이블로 구성된 스타 스키마 설계하기 위해서는 풍부한 경험과 많은 시간을 필요로 한다. 따라서 스타 스키마를 효과적으로 설계하기 위한 체계적인 설계 방법이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 소스 데이터베이스들에 대한 개념적 모델인 ER 도형을 이용하여 여러 개의 사실 엔터티를 추출하는 알고리즘과 이를 통해 자동적으로 스타 스키마를 설계하는 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 스타 스키마가 하나의 사실 테이블에 여러 개의 차원 테이블이 M:1의 관계로 연결되었다는 성질을 활용하여, 이 방법에서는 EH 도형이 연결된 위상 구조를 이용하여 각 엔터티에 연결된 M:1 관계의 개수에 근거하여 사실과 차원을 추출하는 방법을 제시하였다. 본 논문에는 이러한 방법을 통해 데이터 웨어하우스의 스타 스키마들 자동적으로 쉽게 설계하여 소요되는 시간과 노력을 줄일 수 있도록 하였다.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of discharge planning on patient satisfaction, the readmission rate and preparedness for discharge in the elderly admitted to the emergency room (ER) for pulmonary disease. Methods: A quasi-experimental intervention study design was used. Older adults with pulmonary health problems in the ER in one general hospital were randomly allocated to either an experimental (n=21, 74.2 years) or control group (n=19, 70.7 years). The experimental group participated in a discharge planning program by a geriatric nurse practitioner. Data were collected from medical records, physical measurements and structured questionnaires including information on demographics, patient satisfaction, readmission, and preparedness for discharge. Results: Participants in the experimental group had significantly better outcomes with regard to patient satisfaction with nursing services (p=.003) and preparedness for discharge (p=.034). However, there was no significant effect on the readmission rate (p=.392) Conclusion: The results suggested that a discharge planning program could bolster nursing service satisfaction and preparedness for discharge in older patients admitted to the ER for pulmonary health problems. To clarify the effects of discharge planning on older patients admitted to the ER, a larger sample population, better instruments for various measures, a new manual on discharge planning and frequent follow-up will be necessary.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1997 no.11
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• pp.380-384
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• 1997

This study was performed to understand the exogenous-water-drop induced thermomechanical effect on the tooth in the free-running Er:YAG laser mode for the proper use of water as a laser energy absorber and coolant in dentistry. The ree-running Er:YAG laser was used in the dental hard tissue ablation study. A Microjet system was employed to dispense precise water drops. Ablation rate, recoil momentum, and temperature rise in the pulp cavity were measured with and without an exogenous water drop on the tooth surface. Exogenous water enhanced ablation rate in the thick tooth in which the ablation rate on the dry surface does not increase linearly but shows plateau. Optimal exogenous water volume was shifted from 2 nl to 4 nl as the laser energy was increased from 48 mJ to 145 mJ. The magnitude of the recoil momentum was increased as the volume of exogenous water increased. The results of this study suggest that we must pay attention to the recoil momentum or recoil pressure study or the optimal and safe usage of water in the dental treatment because these mechanical effects depend on the volume of exogenous water on the tooth surface.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.660-666
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Er:YAG laser against the intraoral acid producing bacterium of S. mutans. Bacterial pellet containing S. mutans KCTC 3065 was irradiated by Er:YAG laser having a $650\;{\mu}m$ diameter beam by non-contact mode. Irradiated parameters were 50mJ, 10Hz and exposure time were 1s, 3s, 5s, 7s, 9s respectively. We obtained the following results of relative growth rate and acid-producing ability of S. mutans by culturing for 48hrs. 1. The growth rate of S. mutans was decreased in the group of laser irradiation compared to the control group(P<0.01). 2. The growth rate at laser irradiation group of 7s, 9s irradiation time was decreased significantly compared to the laser irradiation group of 1s, 3s, 5s irradiation time, until 12 hours(P<0.05). After 24 hours, all groups of laser irradiation were not found to be statistically different in each other. 3. The acid-producing ability of S. mutans was inhibited for a certain duration by irradiation of laser. In summary, the growth rate and acid producing ability of S. mutans decreased according to laser irradiation. This effect was directly related to the amount of irradiation time. These results suggested that Er:YAG laser had an growth inhibition effect on S. mutans.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.265-270
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• 2019

Growing evidence suggests that mediating apoptotic cell death of ER stress plays an important role in pathological development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The ethanol extract of Rodiola sacra (ERS) investigates whether ER stress protects neuroinvasive neuro-2A cells from homocysteine (Hcy) cell death and ER stress. In neuronal cells, Hcy markedly decreased the viability of the cells and induced the death of Annexin V-positive cells as confirmed by MTT assay. The Hcy cell viability and apoptotic loss pretreated with ERS were attenuated, and Hcy showed stress in the expression of C / EBP homologous protein, 78-kDa glucose regulatory protein and the junction of X-box binding protein-1 (xbp1) mRNA. ESR decreased Hcy-induced mRNA binding, GRP78 and CHOP cells induced Hcy-induced ER stress and apoptosis, and Western blotting revealed expression of heme oxygenase-1 and HO-1 enzyme activity Inhibition is indicative of therapeutic value for neurodegenerative diseases such as decreased cell death by hemin.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.155-168
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect the radiation-resistance of chitosan on the mice. A healthy male ICR mice were used for experiment. The SOD and MDA activity was measured from the liver of mice at 48 and 72 hours after the irradiation. The ultrastructural changes of the liver by irradiation was observed at 24, 48 and 72 hours after irradiation. The experimental groups were divided into three groups. Group 1 was the control group which was not treated with chitosanoligosaccharide before or after iradiation. Group 2 was the prefeeding group which chitosanoligosaccharide solution was supplied by feeding ad libitum for 30 days before irradiation. Group 3 was the postfeeding group which chitosanoligosaccharide solution was supplied by feeding after irradiation. In all groups 10 mice were used. The results were as follow: The SOD and MDA activity of the prefeeding group was decreased significantly (P<0.01). Control group - The nuclei were condensed. The mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were extended and the ribosome was dropped from the rER. Prefeeding group - The nuclei were rounded. The mitochondria was elongated. And the rER attached ribosomes. Postfeeding group - The nuclei were slightly condensed. The mitochondria and the rER were extended and the ribosome was dropped from the rER. It was concluded that the chitosanoligosaccharide was effective in the radiation-protection. So, chitosan would have the potential as the radiation-protection materials.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sterilization effect of Er:YAG laser against the intraoral acid producing bacterium, S. mutans, by irradiating the culture solution containing S. mutans KCTC 3065 with Er:YAG laser having a $650{\mu}m$ diameter beam through the non-contact method. We obtained the following results after examining the temperature changes of the culture solution, numbers of bacterial colonies, and acid-producing ability and attaching ability on teeth by measuring the amount of extracellular polysaccharide produced by S. mutans. The number of bacterial colony was decreased in $10{\mu}l$ culture solution irradiated with laser in overall compared to the control solution. The number decreased as the irradiation intensity and pulse repetition rate were larger and as the exposure time was increased. However, it did not change significantly in $100{\mu}l$ culture solution compared to the control solution. Although the acid-producing ability of S. mutans was inhibited for a certain duration after laser irradiation in 10r1 bacterial culture solution, it did not change in $100{\mu}m$ solution compared with the control solution. The amount of extracellular polysaccharide synthesized by S. mutans was partially decreased through laser irradiation in $10{\mu}m$ culture solution but did not change in $100{\mu}m$ culture solution. Based on these findings, we concluded that Er:YAG laser has an sterilization effect on S. mutans in which we presume that the mechanism is through the heat effect rather than the mechanical effect from development of ultrasound.