• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.86-96
• /
• 2011

The positive matrix factorization (PMF2) and multilinear engine (ME2) models have been shown to be powerful environmental analysis techniques and have been successfully applied to the assessment of ambient particulate matter (PM) source contributions. Because these models are difficult to apply practically, the US EPA developed a more user-friendly version of the PMF. The initial version of the EPA PMF model does not provide any rotational capabilities; for this reason, the model was upgraded to include rotational functions in the EPA PMF ver. 2.0. In this study, PMF and EPA PMF modeling identified ten particulate matter sources including secondary sulfate I, vehicle gasoline, secondary sulfate II, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate III, incinerators, aged sea salt, airborne soil particles, oil combustion, and diesel emissions. All of the source profiles determined by the two models showed excellent agreement. The calculated average concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were consistent between the PMF2 and EPA PMF ($17.94{\pm}0.30{\mu}g/m^3$ and $17.94{\pm}0.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). Also, each set of estimated source contributions of the PMF2 and EPA PMF showed good agreement. The results from the new EPA PMF version applying rotational functions were consistent with those of PMF2. Therefore, the updated version of EPA PMF with rotational capabilities will provide more reasonable solutions compared with those of PMF2 and can be more widely applied to air quality management.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 2012

We investigated the effect on dietary EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) source (EP) into formulated diets for growth of brackish flea, Diaphanosoma celebensis. The highest density and specific growth rate (SGR) of brackish fleas were observed on Tetraselmis suecica (TE) trial, but these of trial were not significantly differed with that of Chlorella (CH) + Crypthecodinium sp. (CR) + EP trial, contained EPA oil (P>0.05). Contrastively, CH trial showed the lowest SGR. And in the RNA/DNA ratio, 0.08 of TE trial was the highest ratio out of whole trials, but the trial not significantly differed with that of CH + CR + EP trial (P>0.05). But, the ratio of CH trial was the lowest ratio at 0.05 out of whole trials (P<0.05). Through out results, the EPA source for flea culture was showed a positive effect through their growth and SGR. Therefore, we suggested that a usage of the source with CH could replace T. suecica as good diet for culture of the brackish flea.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.466-475
• /
• 2013

Non-point source pollution management is one of the most important issues in Korean water quality/watershed management. In recent years, Low Impact Development (LID) has emerged as an effective approach to control stormwater in an urban area. This study illustrates how to design and evaluate the effect of non-point pollutant management using EPA-SWMM LID module and suggests design parameters for modeling LID facilities. In addition, optimal installation locations of LID can be determined by a simple distributed hydrologic model by using SWMM for a long-term.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.353-361
• /
• 1996

자주복 유어의 필수지방산 요구 및 사료중의 적정함량을 규명하기 위하여, 평균체중 3.45g의 유어를 사용하여 사육실험을 실시하였다. 8주간의 사육실험의 결과, 성장은 실험개시 4주부터 실험구들 사이에 차이가 보여 실험 종료시에는 $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA 실험구가 다른 실험구에 비교하여 우세한 성장을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, EPA, DHA 및 n-3 HUFA 실험구 사이에 효율성의 비교에서 EPA$1\%$ EPA실험구는 사료중에 $0.5\%$에서 $1\%$로 지방산을 증량시킴에 의해 첨가효과가 인정되었으나, DHA와 n-3 HUFA실험구는 EPA실험구와 상이하게 $1\%$ DHA실험구에서 급격한 성장의 저하와 $1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구에서는 성장의 정체가 나타났다. 실험기간동안에 생잔률은 $73\~93\%$의 범위로 지방산과의 관련성은 보이지 않았다. 사료효율은 n-3 HUFA실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA실험구에서 높았고, $1\%$ LNA실험구는 $0.5\~1\%$ EPA실험구와 $0.3\%$ DHA실험구와의 차이가 거의 없었다. 이상의 결과로 부터, 유어기의 자주복은 EPA나 DHA등의 n-3 HUFA를 필수지방산으로 요구함이 사료되며, 사료중의 $0.5\%$ 정도의 HUFA 또는 $0.5\%$ DHA가 적정함량으로 추측된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 1995

This study designed to compare the hypolipidemic e(feats of n6 linoleic acid (LA), n3 w-linolenic acid(LL) and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) In rats fed high fat (40% Cal) diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed experimental diets for 6 weeks, which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beef tallow (BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 LA, perilla oil (PO) for n3 a-LL and fish oil (FO) for n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma total cholesterol (T-chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA+DHA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma triglyceride(TG ) level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA+DHA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TG level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. PO and FO groups were significantly higher in the relative Proportions of C20:5 and C22:6 of plasma and liver and lower in those of C20:4/C20:5 ratio. Overall, the lipid-lowering effect was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA >n3 LL > n6 LA and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.339-344
• /
• 2011

We investigated the effects of enrichment with oil or bacteria on the fatty acid composition of rotifers and Artemia as live prey. One enrichment(oil source) was mainly composed of squid Todarodes pacificus liver oil; the other(photosynthetic-bacterial source) was primarily made up of Schizochytrium sp. The enrichments were intended to enhance the nutritional value of the live prey, such as their EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA contents. The lipid content as EPA and DHA of rotifers was higher when enriched with the oil source rather than the photosynthetic-bacterial source. The DHA content of Artemia nauplii after enrichment differed significantly, depending on the type of enrichment used(P<0.05). When the Artemia nauplii were enriched with the oil source, the DHA content was increased to 16.8%, whereas it increased only to 1.1% when enriched with the photosynthetic-bacterial source. These results indicate that selection of the enrichment is important for Artemia nauplii but not for rotifers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.420-430
• /
• 1991

To compare the hypolipidemic effects of n6 linoleic acid. n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid in rats fed high carbohydrate(70% Cal) diet. male Sprague Dawley rats were fed different experimental diets for 6 weeks. which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beer tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid(LA), perilla oil(PO) for n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid(LL) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Plasma total cholesterol(Chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA. HDL-Chol level was raised by n6 LA, but there was no significant change in HDL-Chol levels by n3 LL and was lowered by n3 EPA. Plasma TG level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TC level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. The relative proportions of TG in VLDL was significantly lowered by n3 EPA. but the proportions of Apo B in VLDL was not changed by n3 EPA. Overall. the hypolipidemic effect was in the order of EPA+ DHA(n3) >LL(n3) >LA(n6) and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 2000

본 연구에서는 기존의 연구 개발된 다양한 확산모델의 비교 및 분석을 통하여 국내 석유화학시설에 적용하는 것이 적합하다고 판단되는 미국 EPA의 Industrial Source Complex(ISC)모델을 3차원 모사 대상으로 선정하여, 3차원 모사논리를 적용한 모사시스템을 개발하였다. 따라서 개발된 모사 시스템을 국내 화학산업시설에 적용할 경우, 정확한 사고피해 범위 예측과 더불어 화학산업시설의 비상조치계획 수립, 점화원 관리 등의 사고예방 및 사고피해의 최소화 측면에서도 많은 부분 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.314-325
• /
• 1991

식이지방의 수준에 따라 n6 와 n3 불포화지방산이 혈장 지질조성에 미치는 영향과 또 그 기전이 다른지를 연구하고자 Sprague Dawley 종 수컷쥐에게 저지방(LF, 10% Cal)식이와 고지방식이(HF, 40% Cal)를 각각 6주동안 투여하였으며, 사용된 기름은 포화지방산 급원으로는 쇠기름, n6 linoleic acid(LA) 급원으로 corn oil, n3 ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid(LL) 급원으로 perilla oil, n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)와 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) 급원으로 fish oil이었다. Ultracentrifugation 방법으로 VLDL fraction을 분리하여 thin layer chromatography에 의해서 화학적조성을 구하였다. Plasma cholestere 수준은 LF 와 HF 모두 n6 LA에 의해서는 오히려 증가되었고 n3 LL과 n3 EPA에 의해서는 감소되었으며, HF 에서 n3 EPA가 가장 cholesterol 저하효과가 있었다. HDL-Chol 농도는 n6 LA에 의해서 증가되었으나, HF 경우 n3 EPA에 의해서 유의성있게 감소되었다. Plasma TG 농도는 n3 EPA에 의해서 가장 감소되었고 간의 lipogenic enzyme 활성을 억제하였으며 VLDL fraction의 TG상대적양(%)이 유의성 있게 낮아졌다. 이때 LF 군에서는VLDL fraction의 apo-B의 상대적양(%)이 감소되지 않았으나 HF군에서 n3 EPA에 의해서 유의성 있게 낮았다. 그러므로 n3 EPA의 hvpotriglyceridemic effect는 간에서 lipogenesis를 억제하여 plasma VLDL로 TG 분비가 억제되었을 것이며, HF일 경우는 간에서 apo-B 생성도 억제되었다. 관상동맥성심장질환의 예방적 차원에서 평상시에도 쇠기름과 corn oil 보다는 n3 PUFA가 풍부한 들기름이나 생선을 더욱 이용하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국대기환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.348-349
• /
• 2000

HF는 주로 음료수와 식수에 의해 폭로되며, 작업자의 경우는 공장 작업과정에서 공기 흡입과 피부 접촉으로 폭로된다. 단기적인 흡입에 의한 폭로는 폐수종 및 자극 등을 주며, 눈과 피부에 직접 폭로시에는 화상과 자극을 준다. 장기간의 폭로는 주로 음료수와 음식에 의해 폭로되며, 공기에 의한 폭로는 코, 인후 및 기관지에 충혈 및 자극을 주고(U. S. EPA, 1989; U. S. EPA, 1993), 식물의 경우에는 잎의 끝이나 가장자리의 변색, 발육 부진 및 병에 대한 저항성 약화 등에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다(Cao, 1998). (중략)