• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.273-281
• /
• 2004

A feeding trial was conducted with Euglena strains grown under different media. The effect of supplementation of Euglena on the performance, nutrient availability and fatty acid composition of breast muscle was studied. In experiment I, two hundred ten hatched broiler chicks (Ross) were assigned to seven dietary treatments for 5 weeks. Each treatment consisted of 3 replications with 10 birds each. Control diet was formulated to have $22\%$ CP and 3,150 kcal ME/kg for starter diet, $19\%$ CP and 3,200 kcal ME/kg for finisher diet. Euglena gracilis Z. (EG) was added to control diet at the plevel of 0.25, 0.5, $1.0\%$ and Euglena gracilis Z. bleached and DHA enriched (EGBD; a strain mutated by streptomycin and cultivated in DHA enriched medium) at the level of 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ in the diet. In experiment 2, two hundred fifty hatched broiler chicks (Ross) were assigned to five dietary treatments: T1; Control, T2; T1 + Euglena gracilis Z. DHA enriched (EGD; cultivated in DHA enriched medium) $0.5\%$, T3; T1 + EGD $1.0\%$, T4; T1 + EGBD $0.5\%$, T5; T1 + EGBD $1.0\%$. The weight gain and feed consumption were measured weekly. Fatty acid composition of breast muscle was determined. In experiments I and 2, Euglena supplementation had no significant effects on weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. In experiment 1, EGBD treatments significantly increased DHA concentration but decreased concentration of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in breast muscle. EGBD 2% treatment showed the highest DHA concentration (14.27%) which is 3.9 times of that of the control ($3.66\%$). In experiment 2, $1.0\%$ EGBD treatment showed highest EPA, lignoceric acid and DHA level in breast muscle (P<0.05). Also, EGD treatments significantly increased DHA and EPA concentration. It was concluded that EGBD and EGD can be supplemented to broiler diet to produce DHA enriched broiler meat.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 1996

Essentiality was proposed in the field of lipid by Burr and Burr in 1929. When rats were raised on the fat-free diet, their growth retarded and their skin and tails showed the characteristic deficient symptoms, which were relieved by the addition of ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic(LA) and arachidonic(AA) acids to the basal diet. LA is dehydrogenated to ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(GLNA) by ${\Delta}6$ desaturase, then GLNA is 2 carbon chain elongated by elongase to $dihomo-{\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(DGLNA), which is desaturated by ${\Delta}5$ desaturase to AA. These acids are called LA family or ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). ${\alpha}-Linolenic$ acid(ALNA) is converted through the series of desaturation and elongation steps to docosahexaenic acid(DHA) via eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA). These acids belong to ALNA family or ${\omega}3(n-3)$PUFA. Human who consume large amounts of EPA and DHA, which are present in fatty fish and fish oils, have increased levels of these two fatty acids in their plasma and tissue lipids at the expense of LA and AA. Alternately, vegetarians, whose intake of LA in high, have more elevated levels of LA and AA and lower levels of EPA and DHA in plasma lipids and in cell membranes than omnivores. AA and EPA are metabolized to substances called eicosanoids. Those derived form AA are known as prostanocids(prostaglandins and prostacyclins) of the 2-types and leukotrienes of the 4-series, whereas those derived from EPA are known as prostanoids of the 3-types and leukotrienes of the 5-series. DGLNA is a precursor of the 1-types of prostaglandins. The metabolites of AA and EPA have competitive functions. Ingestion of EPA from fish or fish oil replaces AA from membrane phospholipids in practically all cells. So this leads to a more physiological state characterized by the production of proatanoids and leukotrienes that have antithrombic, antichemotactic, antivasoconstrictive and antiinflammatory properties. It is evident that ${\omega}3$ fatty acids can affect a number of chronic diseases through eicosanoids alone.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.126-127
• /
• 2002

$\omega$-3계 고도 불포화 지방산은 이미 그 유용성이나 인체에 작용이 잘 알려져있다. $\omega$-3계의 대표적인 DHA와 EPA는 기능성 식품으로 자리를 인정받고 있다. DHA는 뇌조직을 구성하는 지질성분의 25%이상을 차지하며, 눈과 신경계에 필수 불가결한 성분으로 부족시는 이들의 기관에 장애를 초래하기도 한다. EPA는 동맥경화나 심장혈관 관련 질환에 그 예방효과가 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. (중략)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.10
• /
• pp.995-1003
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to asses the $\omega$-3 fatty acid intake levels and to evaluate the relationship between the levels of $\omega$-3 fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte membrane and the dietary intake of these fatty acids over the period of two months in 56 young Korean females. Dietary survey was conducted to obtain 7-day weiged records and six 24-hour recalls. Fasting blood sample was collected from each subject after the dietary survey period. Mean daily intakes of energy, fat, and cholesterol were 1,569㎉, 41.8g, and 217mg, respectively. Fat suppled 24% of total energy intake. Mean daily intake levels of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), and total $\omega$-3 fatty acids were 0.04g, 0.06g, and 0.48g, respectively. Plasma cholesterol levels of most of the subjects were within normal range, and there was no significant correlation between plasma cholesterol levels and intake levels of any specific fatty acid. Levels of EPA, DHA, EPA+DHA in plasma and erythrocyte membrane, but not the levels of $\alpha$-linolenic acid(LNA), were significantly correlated with dietary in take of respective fatty acids. Such a correlation, however, was not observed in a previous study where dietary intake was assessed for 3 days. The results of this study show that dietary intakes of $\omega$-3 fatty acids are low in the subject and that about two-month period is required to assess dietary intake levels of $\omega$-3 fatty acids with a reasonable accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.351-354
• /
• 2002

The objective of this study was to analyze fatty acid composition in lipids extracted from bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) inhabiting in Korea. Lipid contents in bullfrog legs and bodies were less than 1% (w/w, wet basis) and seasonal variation of the lipid contents was not observed. Lipids in bullfrog legs consisted of 26~31% (w/w) saturated fatty acids, 16~24% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 30~40% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids in bullfrog bodies consisted of 23~28% saturated fatty acids, 29~44% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 16~30% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids in lipids extracted from bullfrogs were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Lipids in leg muscles contained 3~8% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 6~10% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Lipids in bodies had 1~3% EPA and 1~3% DHA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.179-188
• /
• 1991

Twenty college women were led experimental diet which composed ot basal diet plus different kinds of dietary rats at 27% Cal. Equal amount of 13.5g of corn oil, perilla oil or fish oil was supplied for 2 weeks as a source of n6 linoleic acid(LA). n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid (LL). or n3 EPA + DHA. respectively. Plasma total Chol level was reduced by perilla and fish oils, significantly only by fish oil. Plasma Chol level was rather increased by corn oil(P<0.05), but was decreased by double amount of corn oil supplement. Therefore, hypocholesterolemic effect of fatty acids was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA>n3 LL>n6 LA and influenced by the degree of fat unsaturation. Plasma TG level was also significantly decreased by n3 EPA+ DHA and increased by n6 LA. Hypotriglyceridemic effect of fatty acids was also in the order of n3 EPA + DHA> n3 LL>n6 LA and influenced by the unsaturation. However, the reduction of plasma TG was more influenced by the fatty acid structure rather than the fat unsaturation. There were no significant effects on lipoprotein pattern 3nd chemical compositions of lipoprotein by different dietary PUFAs. but fish oil diet significantly increased the relative proportion of HDL-Chol. In conclusion. cholesterol- lowering effect of dietary PUFAS seemed to be a function of total fat unsaturation but hypotriglyceridemic effect seemed to be more linked to the ratty acid structure rather than the degree of unsaturation. The hypolipidemic effect of n3 PUFAs was significant so that fish oil or perilla oil may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic disease.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.187-196
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate changes in biochemical composition of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, enriched with the commercial enrichments (Enhance, Advantage, Algamac-2000, DHA-Selco and Advantage ＋ Chlorella) at various durations of enrichment (0, 6, 12 and 24 hr) to improve the growth and survival of marine fish larvae. Total lipid content of rotifers enriched with various enrichments tended to increase with an increase in durations of enrichment up to 6 hr, but after that, was not significantly affected by enrichment materials. However, total protein content of rotifers enriched groups except for Advantage＋Chlorella decreased with the increase in duration of enrichment. The highest protein/lipid ratio showed 2.7 in rotifer enriched with the Advantage ＋Chlorella. The phospholipid/lipid ratio of rotifer enriched with the Enhance, Advantage and Advantage＋Chlorella groups was significantly higher than that of enriched rotifer with the Algamac-2000 and DHA-Selco groups. The highest DHA level, 2.5%, of rotifer enriched for 24 hr was obtained in the Advantage, but was not significantly different among other groups, except for Algamac-2000. No significant difference in DHA level of rotifer enriched with the DHA-Selco, Algamac-2000 and Advantage＋Chlorella groups was observed between l2h and 24hr of enrichment. The DHA/EPA ratio in the enriched rotifers varied among enrichment material groups, ranged from a high level of 11.1：1 in the Advantage＋Chlorella group to a low level of 4.1：1 in DHA-Selco group. The results from this study indicate that rotifers enriched with Enhance, Advantage and Advantage＋Chlorella seemed to be effective to improve nutritional value of rotifer for marine fish larvae because phospholipid, DHAJEPA and protein/lipid ratios of rotifer enriched with Enhance, Advantage＋Chlorella were higher than those of rotifer enriched with either DHA-Selco or Algamac-2000. Especially, supplementation of the Chlorella to these enrichments would appear to be effective for improvement of fish larval performance because of no reduction of protein level in rotifer, which is critical for growth of fish larvae.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.75-80
• /
• 1999

The effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), on brain phospholipid content and fatty acid composition were compared in rats fed with a diet containing constant ratios of saturated fatty acid/monounsaturated fatty acid/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3/n-6. The dietary fat in each diet was added at the level of 10%. In each diet, n-3 PUFA comprised two-thirds of the PUFA and the remaining one-third was linoleic acid (18:2). Dietary fat containing linoleic acid as the sole source of PUFA was also given to the control group. The content of brain phospholipid in the three n-3 PUFA groups was significantly lower than that of the linoleic acid group. This reduction was greater in the EPA and DHA groups than in the ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid group. The decrease in phospholipid content in rats fed n-3 fatty acid-rich diets was largely due to the decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Each dietary n-3 PUFA was found to affect the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids; the most pronounced alteration was observed in phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Furthermore, the proportion of DHA in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction tended to be higher in the DHA group than in other PUFA groups. In conclusion, dietary ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA can influence the phospholipid content, phospholipid subclass, and fatty acid composition in rat brain.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.59 no.8
• /
• pp.17.1-17.13
• /
• 2017

Background: Omega-3 long-chain (${\geq}C_{20}$) polyunsaturated fatty acids (${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA) confer important attributes to health-conscious meat consumers due to the significant role they play in brain development, prevention of coronary heart disease, obesity and hypertension. In this study, the ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA content of raw and cooked Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle from genetically divergent Australian prime lambs supplemented with dietary degummed crude canola oil (DCCO) was evaluated. Methods: Samples of LTL muscle were sourced from 24 first cross ewe and wether lambs sired by Dorset, White Suffolk and Merino rams joined to Merino dams that were assigned to supplemental regimes of degummed crude canola oil (DCCO): a control diet at 0 mL/kg DM of DCCO (DCCOC); 25 mL/kg DM of DCCO (DCCOM) and 50 mL/kg DCCO (DCCOH). Lambs were individually housed and offered 1 kg/day/head for 42 days before being slaughtered. Samples for cooked analysis were prepared to a core temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ using conductive dry-heat. Results: Within raw meats: DCCOH supplemented lambs had significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, $20:5{\omega}3$) and EPA + docosahexaenoic (DHA, $22:6{\omega}3$) acids than those supplemented with DCCOM or DCCOC; Dorset sired lambs contained significantly (P < 0.05) more EPA and EPA + DHA than other sire breeds; diet and sire breed interactions were significant (P < 0.05) in affecting EPA and EPA + DHA concentrations. In cooked meat, ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA concentrations in DCCOM (32 mg/100 g), DCCOH (38 mg/100 g), Dorset (36 mg/100 g), White Suffolk (32 mg/100 g), ewes (32 mg/100 g) and wethers (33 mg/100 g), all exceeded the minimum content of 30 mg/100 g of edible cooked portion of EPA + DHA for Australian defined 'source' level ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA classification. Conclusion: These results present that combinations of dietary degummed crude canola oil, sheep genetics and culinary preparation method can be used as effective management tools to deliver nutritionally improved ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA lamb to meat consumers.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2021

Omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) may be beneficial for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (CVEs), especially in patients with myocardial infarction or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. For this purpose, one to two seafood meals per week is preferentially recommended. Omega-3 fatty acids with a high-dose EPA formula (4 g/day) may be more effective than EPA+DHA mixed supplements for the secondary prevention of CVE. Krill oil also contains omega-3 fatty acids, but at a much lower dose compared to fish oil. Supplemental vitamins and minerals have not shown the preventive effects on CVE in prospective, and randomized clinical trials, except for one Chinese study showing the stroke prevention effects of folic acid. The clinical benefit of chelation therapy in reducing CVEs is uncertain.