• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 1995

This study designed to compare the hypolipidemic e(feats of n6 linoleic acid (LA), n3 w-linolenic acid(LL) and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) In rats fed high fat (40% Cal) diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed experimental diets for 6 weeks, which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beef tallow (BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 LA, perilla oil (PO) for n3 a-LL and fish oil (FO) for n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma total cholesterol (T-chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA+DHA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma triglyceride(TG ) level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA+DHA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TG level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. PO and FO groups were significantly higher in the relative Proportions of C20:5 and C22:6 of plasma and liver and lower in those of C20:4/C20:5 ratio. Overall, the lipid-lowering effect was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA >n3 LL > n6 LA and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.361-364
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• 2004

EPA and DHA extracted from methyl esterified squid oil were purified by silver exchanged resin, silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel, silver exchanged zeolite, and silica gel column chromatography, among which column chromatography using mixture of silver exchanged resin and silica gel (10% by weight) showed the best result. By this simple purification method, EPA and DHA were concentrated from 12.5 to 27.9% (yield, 86,0%) and from 21.7 to 49.5% (yield, 87.3%), respectively. Silver exchanged resin had additional advantages of outstanding reusability and simple recovery of silver.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to investigate the essential fatty acids requirement and its optimal level in dietary for young of tiger puffer. The young puffer fish used in feeding trial were average body weight 3.45g. Fish were randomly divided into 11 groups containing 30 fish each in 200 ${\ell}$ tank and reared for 8 weeks at ambient temperature. In basal diets, defatted squid meal, casein-Na and activated gluten were used as the dietary protein source, dextrin and ${\alpha}$-starch (gelatinized starch) as the digestible carbohydrate source and beef tallow as the lipid source. Five fatty acids added to diet were linoleic acid (LNA), linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ,docos-ahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 HUFA. Among that, the supplement of LA and LNA were $1\%$ of total composition of diet, respectively, and EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA ranged from $0.3\~1\%$ level. Growth and feed efficiency were measured to the interval of 2 weeks, and analyzed fatty acids composition of diet and liver by GCL. As a result of 8 weeks experiment, predominant growth were shown in $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA and $0.5\%$ DHA than others (P<0.05). In comparison of efficiency among EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA groups, the most results were revealed in n-3 HUFA and the least in EPA. The adding effect was shown in EPA by increasing the fatty acids content from 0.5 to $1\%$ in diet. However, sudden decline and steady state in growth were observed in $1\%$ DHA and $1\%$ n-3 HUFA, respectively. The feeding efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were high in n-3 HUFA groups and $0.5\%$ DHA. Consequently, it is assumed that young puffer requires n-3 HUEA both EPA and DHA as essential fatty acids. The optimal content in diets are about $0.5\%$ of HUFA or DHA.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.549-555
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• 2018

The objectives of this study were to confirm the nutritional requirements and improve the survival of the walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, a cold seawater fish, by enrichment. We analyzed the fatty acids and amino acids of fertilized pollock eggs before hatching, just-hatched larvae, larvae that had absorbed only the yolk sac, and larvae starved for 2 days after yolk absorption. For the survival improvement experiment, we administered docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and DHA-EPA enrichment. Fatty acid decreased DHA and EPA content. On the $30^{th}$ day, body growth was significantly greater in pollock given the EPA and DHA-EPA treatments (P<0.05). Larval survival at 20 and 30 days after hatching (DAH) was greatest under the DHA-EPA treatment (P<0.05). Survival was significantly lower under the EPA treatment at 10 DAH, but then increased to approach that seen under the EPA-DHA treatment (P<0.05). Therefore, we determined that reduced survival in hatchlings of high-mortality pollack could be improved by controlling EPA and DHA content during enrichment. We conclude that cold seawater fish must be given feed that meets their nutritional needs, which can be accomplished using newly manufactured enrichment products for the larvae of cold seawater fish, such as pollock.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.206-209
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• 2010

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) meat oil contained high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to oils extracted from other tissues of the fish. EPA and DHA occupied more than 25% of the total fatty acids in chum salmon meat oil. The main lipid classes in the meat oil were triacylglycerides and phospholipids. The major fatty acids of the molecular species composition of phosphatidylcholine isolated from the meat oil were DHA and EPA. DHA and EPA were the major molecular species in the phosphatidylcholine of chum salmon meat oil, representing 44% and 17%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 1997

Separation of EPA and DHA from fish oil fatty acid ethyl ester (FAFE) by urea adductive crystallization method was carried out in the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC $CO_2$) as a solvent. Our results showed that SC $CO_2$ is a good candidate as a solvent in the urea adductive crystallization to separate FAFE by the number of unsaturated bonds. Compared to the separation process using methanol. SC $CO_2$ yielded better performance in the overall selectivity of EPA and DHA. The effect of process variables on separation of EPA and DHA was discussed in detailed. A hybrid technology of SC $CO_2$ fractionation and urea adductive crystallization with SC $CO_2$ was conformed as a viable process to separate and concentrate EPA and DHA from fish oil.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.779-792
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• 1995

The effects of deoxygenizer (Deoxy) and sodium-erythorbate (Na-ery) on the changes in fatty acid compositions were investigated to prevent the loss of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid of bolied and dried-anchovy during storage. After storage for 5 months, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total lipid (TL) in Deoxy group decreased only $3.0\%\;and\;0.5\%$, respectively, compared to those of before storage. However, those in Control group decreased 9.5\%\;and\;2.3\%,$ respectively. In the case of Na­ery group, the percentages of DHA and EPA decreased were lower than those of Control. Most of DHA and EPA in n was lost in the early stage of storage. Total DHA remained in phospholipid (PL), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) fractions after storage for 5 months were $98\%,\;66\%\;and\;62\%$ in Deoxy, Na-ery and Control group, respectively, and total EPA remained was slightly high level compared with those of DHA. The loss of DHA was more in PL than in TG. Consequently, deoxygenizer was recognized as a good material to prevent the loss of DHA and EPA of the boiled and dried-anchovy during storage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.626-636
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• 2001

To compare the effect of three kinds of n-3 fatty acids-eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and perilla oil (PO)-on serum and liver lipid levels and fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid(PL) at low fat level(5%, w/w), 4-weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with one of five different oil diets for 4 weeks. Beef tallow(BT) and corn oil(CO) was used as control for sturated or n-6 fatty acid respectively. Se겨m concentrations of cholesterol(TC) and phospholipid(PL) were lower in PO DHA and EPA groups than in BT and CO groups. HDL-cholesterol levels were higher in CO and PO groups than in EPA, DHA and BT groups. Liver PL concentrations were higher in DHA and EPA groups than in CO, PO and BT groups, but liver TC and heal PL and TC concentrations did not show any significant difference among groups. Hepatic fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two major phospholipids in liver, reflected their dietary fatty acid composition. In PC and PE, total percentage own-6 series was higher in CO group than in any other groups, and that own-3 series was higher in DHA and PO groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. Moreover, the ratio of 20 : 4/18 : 2 was lower in PO and DHA groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. On the contrary, the percentage of C22 : 6 was lower in EPA, CO and BT groups than in PO and DHA groups. These results revealed that n-3 series(EPA, DHA and PO) were more effective in lowering um lipids than n-6 fatty acids or saturated fatty acid. Based on the results of fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipid, we suggest that the dietary effect of PO and DHA on antiatherogenic characteristics seems to be similar extent. In addition, the effect of EPA might not be significantly different from that of BT or CO in the view of eicosanoids production from the precursor fatty acid. These difference of hepatic fatty acid composition might come from other characteristics of dietary oil as well as the type of unsaturation, not from the carbon chain length or the degree of unsaturation of n-3 fatty acid.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.sup1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2022

This paper examines the process and evidence used to create the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for Koreans. ALA (18:3n3) is an essential fatty acid, and EPA and DHA are known to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risk and reduction of triglyceride levels. Various international organizations have suggested dietary recommendations for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including ALA, EPA, and DHA. A DRI for Koreans was established for the first time in 2020, specifically for the adequate intake (AI) of ALA and EPA + DHA. This recommendation was based on the average intake of ALA and EPA + DHA from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2017. For Korean infants, the AI of ALA and DHA was based on the fatty acid composition of maternal milk. Estimated average requirement and a tolerable upper intake level have not been set for n-3 PUFA due to insufficient evidence. In addition, the intake level of n-3 PUFA for prevention of chronic disease has also not been determined. Future studies and randomized controlled trials are required to establish the UL and to define the level for disease prevention.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2009

Inflammatory processes of vascular endothelial cells play a key role in the development ofatherosclerosis. We determined the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on LPS-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to evaluate their cardioproteerive potential. Cells were pretreated with DHA, EPA, or troglitazone prior to activation with LPS. Expression of COX-2, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and IL-6 production, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity were measured by Western blot, ELISA, and luciferase activity, respectively. Results showed that EPA, DHA, or troglitazone significantly reduced COX-2 expression, $NF-{\kappa}B$ luciferase activity, and $PGE_2$ and IL-6 production in a dose-dependent fashion. Interestingly, low doses (10 ${\mu}$M) of DHA and EPA, but not troglitozone, significantly increased the activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in resting HUVECs. Our study suggests that while DHA, EPA, and troglitazone may be protective on HUVECs under inflammatory conditions in a dose-dependent manner. However there may be some negative effects when the concentrations are abnormally low, even in normal endothelium.