• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.29 no.spc1
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• pp.333-335
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• 1996

Here we report the results from spectroscopic observations of soloar active regions in the HeI 10830 ${\AA}$ line at the German Vacuum Tower Telescope(VTT) in Tenerife during the August 199:3 International EFR(Emerging Flux Region) Campaign. Four active regions in various stages of their evolution, i.e., NOAA7558, 7560, 7561, and 7562, were ovserved on 10 August 1993. From the observed HeI 10830 ${\AA}$ spectra in these active regions, spectroscopic quantities such as equivalent width(EW), doppler shift, doppler width, etc., were derived(see Figure l(a)) and the correlation between them were studied(see Figure l(b)). Our main results are as follows: (I)In NOAA7562, which is a young and evolving EFR, the EW is large, while it is small around a simple and roundish spot of NOAA7558. (2)In these active regions, redshift in the 10830 line is dominant when the EW is larger. (3)As the doppler width increases, the line tends to shift redward. (4)When the EW is smaller, it seems to exist another component which have dynamic characteristics different from the redshifting component. In NOAA7560 and NOAA7561, regions which have several small spots, the values of the EW are intermediate. Results (2) and (3) may suggest the possible existence of downflow above active regions, if the HeI 10830 ${\AA}$line is formed in the upper chromopshere, and it is consistent with the earlyer result from the SMM extreme-ultraviolet observation by Klimchuk(1987, Astrophys. J., 323, 368) (to be submitted. to Astronomy and Astrophysics; an extended abstract)

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.48-58
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• 2001

Although Japan, Korea, and Taiwan are all East Asian countries, there are marked differences in the recycling policies, motivations, and methodologies of each country. One reflection of differences is the approaches each country has taken toward the OECD proposal for Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). I consider the relationship of local governments and producers for Japan, Korea, and Taiwan from the perspective of EPR. First, I provide an outline of the establishment of waste home appliances (WHA) recycling systems. And then, consider the responsibility of related subjects. Lastly, I prepare the differences of EFR concept of each country.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.9-12
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 유럽 통신 표준화기구인 ETSI 의 SMGll에서 채택된 GSM Full Rate(FR) 보코더 알고리wma[1]을 Teak DSP Core를 이용하여 실시간 구현하였다. GSM FR 보코더는 유럽에서 사용하는 통신 시스템인 GSM 의 full-rate Traffic Channel(TCH)의 표준 코덱[2]으로서 GSM HR, GSM EFR GSM AMR과 더불어 모뎀칩 내에 장착되는 필수적인 음성 서비스이다. 구현된 GSM FR는 13.05kbps의 비트율을 가지고 있으며, 인코더와 디코더 기능 외에 voice activity detection(VAD)[3]블록과 DTX[4]블록 등의 부가 기능도 구현되어 있다. 구현에 사용된 Teak[5]는 DSP Group 의 16bit고정 소수점 DSP core로서 최대 140MIPS 의 성능을 낼 수 있고 400bits ALU 와 두개의 MAC 이 장착되어 있어 음성 및 채널 부호화기의 실시간 처리에 최적화 되어있다. 구현된 GSM FR 은 인코더와 디코더 부분이 각각 약 235 MIPS 및 1.19MIPS 의 복잡도를 나타내며, 사용된 메모리는 프로그램 ROM 3.9K words, 데이터 ROM(table) 396 words 및 RAM 932words이다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.39-41
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• 2012

The influence of coal blending methods such as out-furnace (external or pre-mixed) blending and in-furnace (initially non-mixed) blending with different excess oxygen (highest, medium, and lowest stoichiometric conditions) on unburned carbon and NOx emissions of blend combustion in an entrained flow reactor (EFR) has been analyzed, using experimental and numerical approaches for binary coals used by Korean power plants. The results confirm that under the medium condition, contrasting processes such as reactive and un-reactive effects occur with SBRs in the out-furnace blending method. The in-furnace blending method results in an improvement in the efficiency of unburned carbon fractions and a further reduction in the NOx emission. Under the highest condition, the unburned carbon fraction in both the out-furnace and the in-furnace blending methods corresponds with the tendency under the medium condition with contrasting processes of lower magnitude, whereas the NOx emission in the highest condition increases slightly. Under the lowest conditions, the unburned carbon fraction in the out-furnace blending method gradually decreases as SBR decreases, without a competition effect. The reduction of NOx emission under the lowest conditions is more effective than those under other conditions for the two blending methods because of a homogeneous and heterogeneous NOx reduction mechanism.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.672-686
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• 2002

현재 단대단(End-to-End) 비디오 서비스의 질을 높이기 위해 많은 연구가 각 계층별로 진행되고 있다. 전송계층에서의 오류 제어(Error Control), 네트워크계층에서의 QoS (Quality of Service)모델, 표현 및 응용계층에서의 오류 강인성(Error resilience)/오류 은닉(Error concealment) 등이 연구 개발되고 있다. 그러나 계층 간의 연관성이 높은 부분에서의 통합을 통한 성능향상에 관한 연구는 그 필요성과 효율에 비해 아직도 미흡하다. 본 논문은 QoS 서비스 모델하에서의 적응적 FEC(Forward Error Correction) 적용 및 우선순위에 따른 비디오패킷(VP ,VideoPacket)을 통하여 효율적인 계층화 비디오 스트리밍을 단대단 QoS성능의 향상에 관점을 맞추어 제안한다. 제안하는 방식은 최소 화질 보장과 같은 효율에서 보다 적은 가격에서의 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 이를 위하여 통합형 서비스(IntServ, IS, Integrated Service) 의 자원예약을 사용하는 방법과 높은 가격의 자원 예약을 사용하지 않는 차별화 서비스(DiffServ, DS, Differentiated Service)를 적용했으며 이에 보장형 서비스의 특징을 공통을 가지기 위해 계층화 FEC를 적용하였으며 적절한 가격의 조절을 위하여 비디오패킷을 통한 데이터 분할을 적용하였다. 본 논문은 또한 최종 사용자의 만족도를 PSNR(Picture Signal to Noise Ration)과 PSNR에서 표현하지 못하는 부분의 평가를 위해 손상프레임율(DFR, Damaged Frame Ratio)과 오류프레임율(EFR,Error Frame Ratio)을 제안 이를 통해 평가하고자 한다. 제안하는 방식의 실험 결과는 비디오 코딩계층과 전송 계층, 네트워크 계층의 결합된 성능이며 이는 또한 화질의 개선뿐만 아니라 사용자의 가격문제에 대하여서도 비교 분석하였다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.269-279
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• 2004

A new online multi-layer integrated routing (MLIR) scheme that combines IP (electrical) layer routing with WDM (optical) layer routing is investigated. It is a highly efficient and cost-effective routing scheme viable for the next generation integrated optical Internet. A new simplified weighted graph model for the integrated optical Internet consisted of optical routers with multi-granularity optical-electrical hybrid switching capability is firstly proposed. Then, based on the proposed graph model, we develop an online integrated routing scheme called differentiated weighted fair algorithm (DWFA) employing adaptive admission control (routing) strategies with the motivation of service/bandwidth differentiation, which can jointly solve multi-layer routing problem by simply applying the minimal weighted path computation algorithm. The major objective of DWFA is fourfold: 1) Quality of service (QoS) routing for traffic requests with various priorities; 2) blocking fairness for traffic requests with various bandwidth granularities; 3) adaptive routing according to the policy parameters from service provider; 4) lower computational complexity. Simulation results show that DWFA performs better than traditional overlay routing schemes such as optical-first-routing (OFR) and electrical-first-routing (EFR), in terms of traffic blocking ratio, traffic blocking fairness, average traffic logical hop counts, and global network resource utilization. It has been proved that the DWFA is a simple, comprehensive, and practical scheme of integrated routing in optical Internet for service providers.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.830-842
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• 2021

When perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or plant-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), plants alter their root growth and development by displaying a reduction in the root length and the formation of root hairs and lateral roots. The exogenous application of a MAMP peptide, flg22, was shown to affect root growth by suppressing meristem activity. In addition to MAMPs, the DAMP peptide PEP1 suppresses root growth while also promoting root hair formation. However, the question of whether and how these elicitor peptides affect the development of the vascular system in the root has not been explored. The cellular receptors of PEP1, PEPR1 and PEPR2 are highly expressed in the root vascular system, while the receptors of flg22 (FLS2) and elf18 (EFR) are not. Consistent with the expression patterns of PEP1 receptors, we found that exogenously applied PEP1 has a strong impact on the division of stele cells, leading to a reduction of these cells. We also observed the alteration in the number and organization of cells that differentiate into xylem vessels. These PEP1-mediated developmental changes appear to be linked to the blockage of symplastic connections triggered by PEP1. PEP1 dramatically disrupts the symplastic movement of free green fluorescence protein (GFP) from phloem sieve elements to neighboring cells in the root meristem, leading to the deposition of a high level of callose between cells. Taken together, our first survey of PEP1-mediated vascular tissue development provides new insights into the PEP1 function as a regulator of cellular reprogramming in the Arabidopsis root vascular system.