• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2018

As a part of general toxicity studies of Enterococcus Faecalis 2001 (EF 2001) prepared using heat-treatment bacillus mort body EF 2001 in mice, this study examined the toxicity of EF 2001 in single and repeated administrations following the previous report in order to apply this product to preventive medicine. The safety of oral ingestion of EF 2001 was examined in 6-week-old male and female ICR mice with 1,000 mg/kg, 3,000 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day administrated by gavage of the maximum acceptable dose of EF 2001. The study was conducted using distilled water as a control following the methods for general toxicity studies described in the "Guidelines for Non-clinical Studies of Pharmaceutical Products 2002". As a control, 1) observation of general conditions, 2) measurement of body weight, 3) determination of food consumption, 4) determination of water consumption, 5) blood test and urinalysis and 6) pathological examination were performed for the administration of EF 2001. Mice received EF 2001 for 13 weeks and results were compared with those of the control group that received distilled water. The results of the above examinations revealed no significant differences between control and EF 2001 groups for both males and females. Thus, no notable toxicity was confirmed with single and repeated oral administrations of EF 2001. Oral administration in the above doses did not result in abnormal symptoms or death during the observation period. No abnormalities in blood cell count or organ weights were seen. Without any evidence of toxicity to cells and organs, EF 2001 is speculated to not adversely affect living organisms. The 50% lethal dose of EF 2001 with oral administration in mice is estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day for both male and female mice. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ value for animals was 5,000 mg/kg or more.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1361-1368
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• 2018

Inflammation is the most common condition in the human body. Tissue damage triggers inflammation, together with vasodilation and increased blood flow at the inflamed site, resulting in edema. Inflammatory responses are also triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll-like receptor Enterococcus faecalis, a gram-positive organism, has been reported to possess immunomodulatory and preventive activities; however, its use may present risks of sepsis and other systemic infections. Heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (EF-2001) has been reported to induce antitumor activity, but its effects on inflammation are not known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EF-2001 on LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses. EF-2001 treatment reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, indicating suppression of inflammatory reactions. EF-2001 showed no cytotoxicity in macrophages. Further investigation of the anti-inflammatory mechanism of EF-2001 indicated that EF-2001 reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. EF-2001 also reduced f the LPS induction of several inflammatory molecules involved in the nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, including ERK, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation, in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, EF-2001 inhibited Akt phosphorylation and increased the expression of the inhibitory ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B$) protein, an inhibitor of $NF-{\kappa}B$. EF-2001 also inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65. These results suggest that EF-2001 has anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful for treating inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2019

Muscle dysfunction may arise from skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, injury, oxidative stress, and hereditary disease. Powdered heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (EF-2001) has anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. However, its antioxidant and anti-atrophy effects are poorly characterized. In this study, we examined the effects of EF-2001 on muscle atrophy. To determine the protective effect of EF-2001 on oxidative stress, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with $H_2O_2$ to induce oxidative stress. This induced cell damage, which was reduced by treatment with EF-2001. The mechanism of EF-2001's effect was examined in response to oxidative stress. Treatment with EF-2001 reversed the expression of HSP70 and SOD1 proteins. Also, mRNA levels of Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 increased under oxidative stress conditions but decreased following EF-2001 treatment. To evaluate muscle volume, two and three dimensional models of the muscles were analyzed using micro-CT. As expected, muscle volume decreased after sciatic denervation and recovered after oral administration of EF-2001. Therefore, EF-2001 is a candidate for the treatment of muscular atrophy, and future discovery of the additional effects of EF-2001 may yield further applications as a functional food with useful activities in various fields.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2020

This study was conducted to verify the physiological activity of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 probiotics in fermented milk. The anti-inflammatory effects of fermented milk supplemented with different concentrations (0, 100, and 500 ㎍/mL) of E. faecalis EF-2001 were determined using MTT assay and nitric oxide inhibition assay. The MTT assay was performed using RAW 264.7 cells. Results revealed that the rates of cytotoxicity and cell survival decreased significantly with increase in the concentration of heat-killed probiotics (p<0.05). Moreover, fermented milk supplemented with 100 ㎍/mL EF-2001 (EFM1) and the fermented milk supplemented with 500 ㎍/mL EF-2001 (EFM2) exhibited higher nitric oxide inhibition than normal fermented milk (NFM). Additionally, EFM2 significantly reduced the ratio of prostaglandin E₂ compared to NFM (p<0.05). In conclusion, the treatment sample showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than NFM. The findings of this study could be used as a basic guideline for manufacturing of NFM supplemented with heat-killed probiotics.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.3-4
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• 2001

Normal cells proliferate generally a limited number doublings in culture and only rarely have they been shown to overcome cellular senescence and crisis stages, and immortalize spontaneously. I have established a number of non-chemically and non-chemically immortalized embryo fibroblastic (EF) cell lines in continuous cell culture. These include the spontaneously immortalized cell line, DF-1 and several immortal EF cell lines derived from various embryonic tissues. I have previously demonstrated that all of the immortal EF cells established have rapid cell proliferation capacity compared to primary EF cells, presumably due to the deregulation of cell cycle regulators such as p53, E2F-1 and the numerous cyclins. DF-1 cells, in particular, were shown to proliferate more rapidly under normal culture conditions compared to other immortal EF cells, implicating other mechanisms may be important for regulating their growth. The possible mechanism(s) underlying the accelerated growth of DF-1 cells will be addressed in this study. (omitted)

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2001

To support real-time multicast, the existing DS network may use the EF PHB for transmission, However, because of the dynamic characteristics of the multicast flow and the features of the EF PHB. it is very difficult to make a provision of resources or to manage the network when EF multicast flows increase, Also, the existing LBE PHB can not guarantee the transmission delay bounds required for the real-time multicast traffic, In this paper. a new concept of PHB. namely, low-delay multicast PHB, that may guarantee approximately the per-hop delay is proposed, For the low-delay multicast PHB, router architectures are devised, The queue management algorithm on a low-delay multicast queue and a scheduling method are also devised. This new architecture of the LDM AF class is simple to be implemented.

• 월간 기계설비
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• s.131
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• pp.25-27
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• 2001

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.202-205
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• 2001

The EF-18 agar/hydrophobic grid membrane filter (EF18/HGMF) method was evaluated for the isolation of Salmonella in naturally contaminated chicken carcasses, chicken parts (legs, wings and giblets) and processed chicken products (sausages and hamburgers). Percentages of false positive results for Salmonella (colonies with a similar morphology to those of Salmonella) were 78.75, 81.67 and 80% for carcasses, chicken parts and processed chicken products, respectively. The bacterial isolates that caused false positive reactions using this method were identified as Proteus mirabilis (70.85%), Citrobacter freundii (15.25%), Klebsiella ozaenae (5.83%), Hafnia alvei (4.48%), Escherichia coli (2.69%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (0.90%). The data obtained in this study suggest that the EF-18/HGMF method is not sufficiently selective or specific far isolating Salmonella from meat and chicken products.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.514-525
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• 2002

The analysis of heavy metals associated with both PM2.5 and PM10 fraction of aerosols was made from a northeast region of Seoul during the spring period of 2001. The mean concentrations of fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM10-PM2.5), and PM10 fraction were observed as 49.3${\pm}$29.2, 50.5${\pm}$35.0, and 95.5${\pm}$46.1 ${\mu}g$/m$^3$, respectively during this study period. According to the results of enrichment factor (EF) analysis between different particle fractions, major elements (including Fe, Ca, Na, and K) were found to exhibit EF values of less than 10. However, heavy metal components (like Zn and Pb) showed very high EF values. Comparison of fine/coarse (F/C) concentration ratio showed that Zn, Cr, Pb, and Ni have higher ratio values than others. The metallic composition of particles was also compared on both absolute and relative terms. The results of our analysis showed an evidence that the increase in the total metallic contents is prominent during the spring period due mostly to the Asian Dust event.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2001

납석-뮬라이트의 상변이 과정을 주로 에너지여과 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 연구하였다. 납석은 (OH)를 읽고 pyrophyllite dehydroxylate로 된 후 뮬라이트와 크리스토발라이트로 상변이한다. Pyrophyllite dehydroxylate의 장주기 질서는 105$0^{\circ}C$에서도 유지된다. 생성 초기단계에서 뮬라이트는 pyrophyllite dehydroxylate에 대해 topotaxy를 보이며, elongation direction이 c*인 침상 결정으로 자라기 때문에 textured ED pattern을 나타낸다. Pyrophyllite dehydroxylate는 120$0^{\circ}C$에서 완전히 분해되어 뮬라이트의 결정 성장과 비정질 실리카로부터 크리스토발라이트의 생성이 이루어진다.