• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.39-58
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• 2004

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Hwangryunhaedoktang Herbal acupuncture at the PC6(Naegwan) on the EEC of normal human being by using power spectral analysis. Methods : EEC power spectrum exhibit site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. 32 channel EEC study was carried out in 11 subjects (11 males; age=27.8 years). Results : In ${\alpha}(alpha)$ band, the power values at T3, TT1, CP1, T5, Po2, O1, Oz channels(p<0.05) during the PC6-acupoint treatment were increased significantly. In ${\beta}(beta)$ band, the power values at TT1, CP1, T5, P3, Po2, O1, Oz channels(p<0.05) during the PC6-acupoint treatment were increased significantly. In ${\theta}(theta)$ band, the power values at T3, TT1, CP1, Po2, O1, Oz channels(p<0.05) during the PC6-acupoint treatment were increased significantly. In ${\delta}(delta)$ band, the power values at F4, T3, CP1, O1, Oz, O2 channels(p<0.05) during the PC6-acupoint treatment were increased significantly. Conclusions : This results suggest that Hwangryunhaedoktang Herbalacupuncture at the PC6 is significantly in ${\alpha}(alpha)$ band.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2000

1999년 7월부터 2000년 7월까지 대전지역에서 전알파/베타 대기부유진 연속모니터링 시스템과 기상측정 시스템을 이용하여 대기중 라돈자핵종 농도에 대한 시간별, 일별, 계절별 변동특성을 조사하였으며 동시에 기상인자가 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 그 결과 대기중 라돈자핵종의 일일평균 평형등가농도$(EEC_{Rn})$ 분포는 산술평균 $11.8{\pm}5.86Bqm^{-3}$ 과 기하평균 $10.3{\pm}4.57Bqm^{-3}$이었으며 일일 평균농도의 변동계수는 약 50%정도이었다. 매 30분마다 측정한 라돈자핵종의 평형등가농도는 최소 $0.80Bqm^{-3}$에서 최대 $43.3Bqm^{-3}$ 까지 하루 중 측정시간과 그때의 기상조건에 따라 변하였으나, 일일변동의 양상은 일출시점과 일몰시점에서 각각 최고농도와 최저농도를 반복하는 주기적인 양상을 보였다. 대전지역에서의 평형등가농도는 계절적으로 여름철이 낮고 늦가을이 높은 변동양상을 보여주었으나, 대기중 라돈자핵종 농도의 계절적 변동양상은 측정지역에 따라 달라질 수도 있을 것으로 예상된다. 대기중의 라돈자핵종 농도는 그 지역의 국지적 기상특성에 크게 좌우되었다. 특히 풍속이 $6msec^{-1}$ 이상이 되면 대기중의 라돈자핵종 농도는 $5Bqm^{-3}$이하로 급격히 떨어지는 반면에 대기중의 라돈자핵종 농도가 $30Bqm^{-3}$ 이상인 날은 풍속이 $1msec^{-1}$ 이하의 매우 고요한 날이었다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.562-574
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• 2020

Quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) utilizes the in-phase and quadrature spatial dimensions to transmit the real and imaginary parts of a single signal symbol, respectively. The improved QSM (IQSM) transmits two signal symbols per channel use through a combination of two antennas for each of the real and imaginary parts. The main contributions of this study can be summarized as follows. First, we derive an upper bound for the error performance of the IQSM. We then design constellation sets that minimize the error performance of the IQSM for several system configurations. Second, we propose a double QSM (DQSM) that transmits the real and imaginary parts of two signal symbols through any available transmit antennas. Finally, we propose a parallel IQSM (PIQSM) that splits the antenna set into equal subsets and performs IQSM within each subset using the same two signal symbols. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed constellations significantly outperform conventional constellations. Additionally, DQSM and PIQSM provide a performance similar to that of IQSM while requiring a smaller number of transmit antennas and outperform IQSM with the same number of transmit antennas.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2004

It was carried out to compare the residual materials by EEC 4-plate, Charm II and HPLC method in the muscles of cattle and pigs from slaughter-houses in Seoul from 2000 to 2003. Residual materials were detected from $1.10\%$(73/6,623) samples by EEC 4-plate method, and $10.93\%$(55/503) samples by Charm II method. The highest residual concentration(ppm) of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine, penicillin and sulfamonomethoxine were 25.5, 3.46, 3.26, 1.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.14, and 0.07, respectively. Eighty nine samples were classified as 58($65.17\%$) only tetracyclines, 20($22.47\%$) only sulfonamides, 3($3.37\%$) only ${\beta}$-lactams, 2($2.25\%$) only chloramphenicol, 4($4.49\%$) tetracyclines and sulfonamides simultaneously, 1($1.12\%$) chloramphenicol and sulfonamides simultaneously, and 1($1.12\%$) chloramphenicol, sulfonamides and tetracyclines simultaneously.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.339-348
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• 1997

The purpose of the survey were determined the residual antibiotics and tetracyclines in beef(n=1,364), pork(n=2,817) and chickens(n=1,921) by the EEC 4-plate method, Charm IIand HPLC. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The recovery rates in spiked samples were 98.8-107.2% for oxytetracycline(OTC), 33.2-48.6% for tetracycline(TC) and 64.1-72.3% for chlortetracycline(CTC) at 0.05-0.1ppm by HPLC using MSPD. 2. Residues of antibiotic were detected from 10 beef(0.75%) and 36 pork(1.31%) by EEC 4-plate method. In case of chickens were not detected. 3. Twenty-eight from 46 positive samples by the EEC 4-plate method were classified as TCs(60.9 %) by Charm II and TC of 12 samples were detected by HPLC. 4. Ten samples were detected levels of OTC ranging from 0.035 to 0.635 ppm and 3 samples were levels of CTC ranging from 0.066 to 0.150 ppm. OTC and CTC levels in 3 beef and 4 pork samples were exceeded the current tolerance level of 0.1 ppm.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.3683-3703
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• 2018

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of set of sensor nodes. These sensor nodes are deployed in unattended area which are able to sense, process and transmit data to the base station (BS). One of the primary issues of WSN is energy efficiency. In many existing clustering approaches, initial centroids of cluster heads (CHs) are chosen randomly and they form unbalanced clusters, results more energy consumption. In this paper, an energy efficient clustering protocol to prevent unbalanced clusters based on firefly and midpoint algorithms called EEC-FM has been proposed, where midpoint algorithm is used for initial centroid of CHs selection and firefly is used for cluster formation. Using residual energy and Euclidean distance as the parameters for appropriate cluster formation of the proposed approach produces balanced clusters to eventually balance the load of CHs and improve the network lifetime. Simulation result shows that the proposed method outperforms LEACH-B, BPK-means, Park's approach, Mk-means, and EECPK-means with respect to balancing of clusters, energy efficiency and network lifetime parameters. Simulation result also demonstrate that the proposed approach, EEC-FM protocol is 45% better than LEACH-B, 17.8% better than BPK-means protocol, 12.5% better than Park's approach, 9.1% better than Mk-means, and 5.8% better than EECPK-means protocol with respect to the parameter half energy consumption (HEC).

• 대한화학회지
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.761-768
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• 2013

Removal of COD and TSS from rice mill wastewater was investigated using continuous electrocoagulation method (CEC). The electrical energy consumption (EEC) of the process was also examined in order to evaluate the economic viability. The Box-Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to investigate the effects of major operating variables. Initial pH, current density, electrode distance and flow rate were selected as independent variables in BBD while COD removal, TSS removal and EEC were considered as the response functions. The predicted values of responses obtained using the response function was in good agreement with the experimental data. Optimum operating conditions were found to be pH of 7, current density of 15 mA $cm^{-2}$, electrode distance of 5 cm and flow rate of 70 ml/min. Under these conditions, greater than 89% removal of COD and TSS were obtained with EEC value of 7 KWh.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2002

The present studies were carried out to determine antibiotics residues in pork and beef muscles by EEC-4-plate and HPLC. A total of 2,534 samples of pork muscles and 1,070 samples of beef muscles from slaughter houses were collected in Gyeongnam area from January to December, 2001. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Recovery rates of TCs, Sulfa drug, Penicillin G from fortified pork and beef muscles ranged as 68.79～98.24%, 78.21～94.58% and penicillin G 63.35～67.24% respectively, by HPLC. 2. Antibiotics residues were detected in 36 sample(1.42%) of pork muscles, 29 sample (2.71%) of beef muscles by EEC-4-plate. 3. Detection rate of antibiotic residues 14 samples(0.55%) and 26 samples(2.43%), in pork and beef muscles, respectively by HPLC. Concentration of residues in 22 sample(2.06%) of beef muscle were higher than tolerance level in korea. 4. Antibiotics detected were sulfamethazine(47.37%), tetracycline(15.79%), oxytetracycline (15.79%), penicillin G(15.79%), sulfamerazine(5.26%) in pork muscle samples and oxyteracycline (37.21%), penicillin G(30.23%), sulfamethazine(20.93%), tetracycline(4.65%), sulfamerazine (2.33%), sulfadimethoxine(2.33%), sulfaquinoxine(2.33%) in beef muscle samples.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.225-233
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• 1997

In an effort to Improve the quality of meat and to monitor farms, residual tetracyclines in local beef and pork produced in the province of North Chung-cheong were determined by a EEC 4-plate, Charm II and HPLC, respectively. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Of the 547 samples, 4 beef and 13 pork samples were judged to be positive by EEC 4 - plate method. 2. Detection rates of tetracyclines by type 1(++--) and type 2(+++ or ++$\pm$-) micro-bial growth Inhibition In EEC 4-plate method were 100% and 71%, respectively. 3. Of 17 positive samples, 6 were positive for tetracyclines, 4 were positive for tetracyclines and sulfonamides, 1 was positive for sulfonamides, and 2 were positive for others by Charm II test. 4. The best eluents were 0.01M methanolic oxalic acid, and the ideal temperature for stable concentration was $40^{\circ}C$ as optimal HPLC analytical conditions for the detection of tetracy-clines. 5. Of the 10 positive samples for tetracyclines by Charm II test, tetracyclines were confirmed in 2 beef and 6 pork samples, using HPLC, at levels ranging from 3.64~4.22 ppm and 0.2~1.20 ppm, respectively.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.277-286
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• 2021

The global market size of AI based SaMD for medical image in 2023 will be anticipated to reach around 620 billion won (518 million dollars). In order for Korean manufacturers to efficiently obtain CE marking for marketing in the EU countries, the paper is to introduce the recommendation and suggestion of how to reclassify SaMD based on classification rules of MDR because, after introducing the Regulation EU 2017/745, classification rules are quite modified and newly added compared to the Directive 93/42/EEC. In addition, the paper is to provide several rules of MDR that may be applicable to decide the classification of SaMD. Lastly, the paper is to examine and demonstrate various secondary data supported by qualitative data because the paper focuses on the suggestion and recommendation with a public trust on the basis of various secondary data conducted by the analysis of field data. In conclusion, the paper found that the previous classification of SaMD followed by the rule of MDD should be reclassified based on the Regulation EU 2017/745. Therefore, the suggestion and recommendation are useful for Korean manufacturers to comprehend the classification of SaMD for marketing in the EU countries.