• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.329-334
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• 2004

Ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury of the rat testis causes germ cell death and infiltration of inflammatory cells. To investigate the mechanism of germ cell death in torsion of the rat testis, apoptosis and macrophage activation were studied using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling(TUNEL) method and immunohistochemistry in the testes of Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to 1.5 h of ischemia, followed by 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h of reperfusion. Apoptotic, TUNEL-positive cells were found at the base of the seminiferous epithelia after I/R. TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased 6 h after repair of the torsion, and there was a significant peak in apoptosis 24 h after reperfusion, as compared with normal or sham-operated controls. In contrast, histological evidence of germ cell necrosis in the seminiferous tubules was first visible 24 h after reperfusion. In the testis of sham-operated rats, ED2-positive resident macrophages were found diffusely in the interstitial space, while ED1-positive monocyte-like macrophages were rarely found. After I/R, ED1-positive cells were significantly increased beginning 12 h after reperfusion, while ED2-positive immunoreactivity did not change during the experimental period. Together, the results of this study confirmed that increased numbers of ED1-positive macrophages, but not resident ED2-positive macrophages, infiltrated the interstitial space surrounding damaged tubules and induced germcell death.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to identify characteristics and severity assessed by Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) among 2,496 older adults aged 65 and over who visited an emergency department (ED) located in Chuncheon city. Methods: Data were collected via electronic medical records from two hospitals from January to December of 2016. Chi square test and logistic regression were applied using SPSS 22.0. Results: 53.5% of the participants were women and 17.6% of visits were done by aged 85 and older. ED visits by ambulance were 33.9%. More than two-third of older adults' ED visits were emergent status. Severity of the ED visits of older adults were rated by KTAS. Commonly reported chief complaints of the ED visits were dizziness, dyspnea, chest pain, abdominal pain, and hypoalbuminemia. Among them, dizziness, chest pain, dyspnea, and hypoalbuminemia were related factors for being-emergent condition. Conclusion: Strategies for older adults' chief complaints are needed in order to reduce unexpected ED visits.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 1989

The authors studied ED50 of bethanechol on the contractilities of the smooth muscles isolated from various organs of rat under the presence of atropine(a classical competitive blocker of cholinergic muscarinic receptor) or minaprine(a newly developed antidepressant drug) to investigate the pheripheral anticholinergic effect of minaprine. The results were as follows ; 1) There was no significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-7}M$ in the smooth muscles isolated from the duodenum. 2) There was no significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-7}M$ in the smooth muscles isolated from the ascending colon. 3) There was significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-7}M$ in the smooth muscles isolated from the urinary bladder(P<0.01). 4) There was significant difference between ED50 of the atropine $10^{-8}M$ and minaprine ($10^{-8}M$) in the smooth muscles isolated from the urinary bladder(P<0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.309-320
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to determine if monocarboxylate transporter(MCT) isoforms and Basigin(Bsg) are expressed in the efferent ductules(ED) and if MCT1 expression is under estrogen receptor(ER)α-regulation in the ED of male reproductive tract. The presence of MCT isoforms and Bsg mRNAs was detected by real-time polymerization chain reaction(PCR), and ERα-mediated regulation of MCT1 expression in the ED was indirectly determined by immuno- histochemistry. Current study found differential expression of MCT isoforms(MCT1, 2, 3, 4, and 8) and Bsg mRNAs in rat ED according to postnatal ages. In addition, comparison of MCT1 expression in the ED between wild type and ERα knockout mice at different postnatal ages showed basolateral localization of MCT1 in ciliated cells of the ED and, in part, ERα- mediated regulation of MCT1 expression. It is suggested that MCTs would play a role in regulation of function of the ED.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 2023

In this study, we analyzed the effects of current density and electroosmotic phenomena on the desalination performance of electrodialysis (ED). We conducted ED experiments under constant voltage conditions, changing the concentration of the concentrate solution from 10 to 200 g/L. During the ED operation, we measured the current density and charge supplied to the stack, the concentration of the diluted and concentrated solutions, and the amount of water transported by electroosmosis to analyze desalination performance. As the concentration of the concentrated solution increased, the selectivity of the ion exchange membrane decreased, resulting in a decrease in current efficiency. Moreover, the current efficiency was found to be influenced by the current density supplied. When the current density exceeded 15 mA/cm², back diffusion of ions was suppressed, leading to an increase in current efficiency. We also investigated the specific water transport by electroosmosis during the ED operation. We found that the amount of water transported increased proportionally to the concentration ratio of the concentrated and diluted solutions. When the concentration ratio exceeded 100, the specific water transport rapidly increased due to osmotic pressure, making it challenging to obtain a concentrated solution greater than 200 g/L.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.886-889
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• 2000

This paper describes the machining characteristics of the MoSi$_2$-based composites by electric discharge drilling with various tubular electrodes. MoSi$_2$-based composites has been developed in new materials for jet engine of supersonic-speed airplanes and gas turbine for high- temperature generator. By combining a nonconducting ceramics with more conducting ceramic it was possible to raise the electrical conductivity. In drilling by EDM, the dielectric flushed down the interior of the rotating tube electrode, in order to facilitate the removal of machining debris from the hole. Various metal-coated tubular electrodes of which core are copper and brass are used to know the effect of coating material on machinability of ED drilling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of nucleic acid related compounds and metal ions on activities of cytidine deaminase from Bacillus subtilis ED 213. The purified cytidine deaminase was weakly inhibited by 1mM GMP, IMP and ATP, but not affected by other nucleic acid related compounds such as CMP and UDP. The apparent Km values for cytidine, deoxycytidine, 5 methylcy tidine, fluorodeoxycytidine, and 5 bromocytidine were calculated to be 6.6$\times$10-4M, 6.0$\times$10-4M, 0.9$\times$10-4M, 0.8$\times$10-4M, and 2.0$\times$10-3M, respectively. The cytidine deaminase was completely inhibited by 1mM Hg2＋, and mildly inhibited over 40% by metal ions such as Na＋ and Fe2＋. However the enzyme activity was activated more than 40% by 1mM Mg2＋.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2007

The vascular relaxant effects on isolated rat aorta of amlodipine camsylates (S-, R-enantiomer, and R/S-racemate), were evaluated and compared with that of S-amlodipine besylate. Furthermore, antihypertensive effects were measured in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The S-amlodipine camsylate concentration-dependently inhibited $Ca^{2+}$-induced contraction of rat aorta with a very slow onset of action (reached its maximum at 3.5h; $ED_{50}:\;1.50\;{\pm}\;0.24$ nM), having a potency 2-fold higher than those of R/S-amlodipine camsylate $(ED_{50}:\;3.36\;{\pm}\;0.91\;nM)$ and similar to those of S-amlodipine besylate $(ED_{50}:\;1.44\;{\pm}\;0.14\;nM)$, whereas the R-amlodipine camsylate has 590-fold lower vasorelaxant activity $(ED_{50}:\;886.4\;{\pm}\;49.7\;nM)$. In SHR, orally administered S-amlodipine camsylate produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting (>>10 h) antihypertensive effect $(ED_{20}:\;0.89\;mg/kg)$, with a potency 2-fold higher than those of R/S-amlodipine camsylate $(ED_{20}:\;1.82\;mg/kg)$ and similar to those of S-amlodipine besylate $(ED_{20}:\;0.71\;mg/kg)$. In contrast, the R-amlodipine camsylate has no effect even-though administrated high concentration 10 mg/kg. These results suggest that S-amlodipine camsylate has the potency and long-lasting antihypertensive activity as single enantiomer drug, and its antihypertensive effect is not significantly different to that of S-amlodipine besylate.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.237.2-237.2
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• 2011

SAW-ED를 이용하는 박막공정 기술을 통하여 나노레벨의 SWCNT 와 PEDOT의 thin film 및 hybrid화된 film구조를 얻을 수 있었다. SWCNT와 전도성고분자와의 hybridization을 통해 균일상의 표면 morphology를 갖는 고전도성 투명 필름을 제작하고, 이들의 전기광학적 성질을 확인하였다. SAW-ED를 이용하는 박막공정 기술은 나노입자 및 나노구조물의 박막화 패턴화를 포함하는 새로운 deposition 기술로서의 응용성을 가지고 있으며, 본 연구에서는 SWCNT와 전도성고분자를 이용하여 이를 확인하였다.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 2010

In 3D ultrasound color Doppler imaging (CDI), 8-16 pulse transmissions (ensembles) per each scanline are used for effective clutter rejection and flow estimation, but it yields a low volume acquisition rate. In this paper, we have evaluated three flow estimation methods: autoregression (AR), eigendecomposition (ED), and autocorrelation combined with adaptive clutter rejection (AC-ACR) for a small ensemble size (E=4). The performance of AR, ED and AC-ACR methods was compared using 2D and 3D in vivo data acquired under different clutter conditions (common carotid artery, kidney and liver). To evaluate the effectiveness of three methods, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. For 2D kidney in vivo data, the AC-ACR method outperforms the AR and ED methods in terms of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) (0.852 vs. 0.793 and 0.813, respectively). Similarly, the AC-ACR method shows higher AUC values for 2D liver in vivo data compared to the AR and ED methods (0.855 vs. 0.807 and 0.823, respectively). For the common carotid artery data, the AR provides higher AUC values, but it suffers from biased estimates. For 3D in vivo data acquired from a kidney transplant patient, the AC-ACR with E=4 provides an AUC value of 0.799. These in vivo experiment results indicate that the AC-ACR method can provide more robust flow estimates compared to the AR and ED methods with a small ensemble size.