• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.579-592
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• 2022

Much controversy has been generated over whether the ecological restoration project in Korea is faithful to the basic approach of ecological restoration compared to projects aimed at creating parks or green spaces. This study was aimed at understanding the level of awareness of practitioners in the planting design method, which is recognized as relatively important in landscape architecture and ecological restoration. The proficiency of practitioners in planting design techniques for ecological restoration projects was investigated and analyzed in seven areas: overall planting design awareness, plant species selection method, planting tree sizes, planting density, use of native species, vegetation climatic zone, soil environment, and weed control. There was no statistically significant difference between the group who thought they were experts in the field of ecological restoration and the group who thought they were experts in the field of parks and green spaces. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the degree of work performance, that is, the group whose main industry was ecological restoration, the group that performed relatively more ecological restoration work, and the group that rarely performed it. Therefore, to apply desirable ecological restoration techniques in the future and to clearly differentiate between the approach in the field of parks and green spaces, the appropriate tree size or planting density selected in the ecological restoration planting design stage must be chosen. To this end, the awareness of expert groups must be improved and related laws, systems, and guidelines must be revised.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1689-1699
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• 2016

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.89-104
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• 2011

This study was carried out to the development of ecological planting model to make up of coastal windbreak forest on the Suncheon-bay in Sucheon-si, Korea. Make up of coastal windbreak forest in this site was needed for appropriate bioresource, biodiversity and ecological structure, and for conservation of the eco-tour resource and protection of human life and property by the unforeseen disaster from the coast. Based on the plant-social principle, the planting model of windbreak forest was developed to facilitate growth of trees, considering planting locations. The ecological planting model for the coastal windbreak was composed of warm temperate evergreen and windbreak forest which is spreading around the inland area in Korea. The horizontal forest style was composed of forest edge community and inner forest community, and the vertical forest style was composed of upper, middle, low and ground planting class. The target of the present model was quasi-natural forest, and the species of tree were selected based on the adaptability to surroundings depending on a goal to create a forest and forest style. To achieve both functions of wind break forest and visual effect in short period of time, small trees and seedlings were planted with high-density of 40,000/ha in an expectation of easy natural maintenance in the future. The significance of the present study is a suggestion for a guideline to create ecological coastal windbreak forest in the Suncheon-bay in which the harmony of human life and the ecological conservation is of great importance. Also, the ecological coastal windbreak forest model should be developed further through the long term monitoring after construction of forest.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.236-248
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• 2004

본 연구는 서울시에 조성된 아파트단지내 녹지를 대상으로 식재개념, 식재밀도, 식재유형 및 패턴 등 배식특성을 조사.분석하여 개선방안을 제시하고자 실시하였다. 대상지는 아파트단지 녹지면적이 크게 달라지는 시기의 대표대상지인 1978년에 준공된 강서구 화곡주공아파트(2단지)(용적률:99%), 1983년에 준공되 강남구 삼익그린아파트(2차)(용적률:175%), 1992년에 준공된 강서구 동신대아아파트(용적률:225%)를 선정하였으며 녹지를 전면녹지, 측면녹지, 후면녹지로 구분하였다. 대상지의 녹지유형별 식재개념은 경관식재로만 이루어져 시기에 따른 차이는 없었으며 식재종에 있어서도 외래종 조경수목이 주를 이루어 녹지공간별 차이는 없었다. 아파트단지의 식재밀도은 교목 및 아교목층 0.0~0.2주/$m^{2}$로 관목층의 식재밀도가 부족하였으나 조성시기에 따른 식재밀도의 차이는 없었다. 층위구조는 교목.아교목층과 관목층 수목이 각각 다른 위치에 평면적으로 식재된 단층구조이었으며 녹지공간과 관계없이 독립식재, 열식재, 부등변삼각식재가 주로 활용되었다. 아파트 단지내 녹지는 공가별 식재개념에 따라 식재종, 식재밀도, 층위구조, 식재패턴이 다양하게 이루어져야 하므로 식재개념에 차별화시키기 위하여 전면녹지는 시각적 차폐와 미적인 기능, 후면녹지는 녹지량 증지 및 생태적 개념, 측면녹지는 녹지량을 증진을 주된 목적으로 조성할 것을 제안하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.70-82
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to propose the community planting method through analyzing the plant community structure of three green space types and the relationship of vegetation and wild bird inhabitation of urban environmental forest in Seoul, Korea. The results from this study showed that the vegetation stratification, coverage, and species diversity were closely related to the wild bird inhabitation. In addition, the environmental forest in study site was analyzed as a negative factor that may decrease the biodiversity. Therefore the ecological structure and environmental condition must be considered in order to improve the quality of environmental forest. Based on results in three green space types, the planting species, density and species size for proper community planting were proposed in this study. The ecological niche relationships among sixteen selected species were also presented. The results will be provided as an valueable output for the completed community planting of urban green space in the central region, Korea.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.321-337
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• 2002

본 연구는 경기도 용인시 학고개지역에서 도로건설에 의하여 훼손된 산림지역의 브릿지형 생물이동통로 식재계획을 수립하고자 실시하였다. 연구내용은 대상지 및 주변지역 자연생태계 조사 분석단계와 식재계획단계로 구분하여 실시하였다. 자연생태계 조사분석은 지형구조, 식물군집구조, 동물서식구조를 분석하였으며, 식재계획은 이동종선정, 식재공간구분 및 개념, 식재종 및 식재밀도를 제시하였고, 식재기본계획도를 작성하였다. 대상지의 지형구조는 산림능선을 훼손한 급경사 지형에 브릿지형의 생물이동통로 유형 조성이 가능하였고 동물의 이동은 생물이동통로 양쪽 끝부분에만 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 식물군집구조 분석은 도로를 기점으로 동서 지역으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 이들 두 지역 모두 산복과 산록부는 졸참나무와 굴참나무가 우점종인 군집이었으며, 능선부에는 소나무림이 토지극상으로 분포하였고 이들 두 지역간 유사성도 높은 상태이었다. 야생동물서식구조는 야생조류와 일부 포유류를 대상으로 하였으며, 야생조류는 총 7종 57개체, 설치류는 2종 2개체가 관찰되었다. 식재계획에서 이동목표종은 야생조류와 일부 포유류로 설정하였고, 이들 종의 이동을 위한 식재공간은 야생조류 이 동 및 서식 공간과 포유류 이동지 역 을 구분하였으며 , 세부적으로 완충지역으로 브릿지 입출구 사면지역의 관목식재지, 차폐식재지, 양쪽 산림지역과 연결된 급경사지역 초본식물 군락식재지, 야생동물 유도식재지 야생조류 이동을 위한 군락식재지, 포유동물 이동을 위한 군락식재지, 야생조류 서식처 조성을 위한 군락식재지로 구분하였다. 식재종은 주변산림지역에서 상재도가 높은 종을 중심으로 선정하였고 각 공간별 식재밀도를 고려하여 식재기본계획도를 작성하였다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.348-354
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• 2017

Agroforestry has been practiced in arid and semi-arid regions for the purposes of preventing desertification and to increase income for locals. However, the intended effects of such practices have been limited due to strong winds and aridity. This study undertook multi-year monitoring of the productivity of income crops associated with windbreak planting in a semi-arid region of Mongolia, and explored strategies of windbreak planning to enhance the multi-purpose effects of agroforestry practices. The tree crown density of windbreak planting was on average 40% in one year after planting and 65% 2-3 years after, and thereby windspeeds were reduced by about 30% and 54%, respectively. Average windspeed reductions at leeward distances from the windbreak planting were approximately 60% within 3H (H=tree height), 50% at 5H, and 42% at 7-9H, presenting a pattern in which the farther the distance the less the reduction in windspeeds. The windbreak planting increased crop productivity by up to 6.8 times, compared to the productivity absent of windbreaks. Increases in the crown density as stated above resulted in increases of crop productivity by up to 3.6 times. Based on such results, this study proposed a model of windbreak planning as a typical land-use system of border windbreak planting or alternate windbreak planting of combining trees and income crops. The model also included tree planting with a crown density of 60% and allocation of income crops within a leeward distance of 5 times the height of the trees to reduce windspeeds by about 50%. The results from this study are applicable to practicing agroforestry not only at the study site but also in other regions worldwide where strong winds and aridity are problematic.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.162-164
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• 2018

This study quantified the carbon storage and uptake by street trees in Seoul and explored suitable planting and management strategies. A systematic sampling model was used to select 50 plots to survey the structures of street trees. The average density and cover of street trees were approximately 5.8 trees/$100m^2$ and 12.1%, respectively. Trees with a dbh of less than 30 cm accounted for about 66.3% of the total number of trees surveyed. The total carbon storage and uptake by the street trees were approximately 103,641 t and 10,992 t/yr, respectively. The total carbon uptake equaled the amount of annual carbon emissions from driving of about 11,000 cars. Street tree planting and management strategies were proposed to enhance carbon uptake. They included multi-layered and multi-aged planting, securing ground and space for plant growth, and avoiding excessive tree pruning.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.58-67
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• 1994

Object of this study is to suggest the plan for natural vegetation restoration and management by ecological approach. The concept of biotope planting technique was introduced in order to restore the natural vegetation in the northern part of Mt. Nam in Seoul, and Quercus mongolica forests was surveyed so as to obtain the basic data. This study focused on the vegetational context between northern part of Mt. Nam and develop-reserved site. The results are following ; 1. It is suitable to plant 25~30 trees in $100\m^2$ with trees of DBH 10cm and below at intervals of about 2m in canopy layer. In the case of subtree layer of DBH 2cm, about 30 trees were planted at an Intervals of 1.5~2m around in $100\m^2$. 2. In the last step of nature vegetation restoration, it is desiable that canopy density is $5/100\m^2$ and 녀btree one is 10~20/$100\m^2$. 3. Management plans was proposed to use the native species of Mt. Nam around and to investigate the ecological situation once a year such as species introduce, dead-tree, soil, fauna etc.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.140-151
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• 2001

This study based on the theoretical understanding of multi-layer planting which have engineering, ecological and landscape benefits, was conducted to find out the status of multi-layer planting in the apartment and neighborhood park in Seoul. This study was also aimed to seek for the problematic matters, and suggest a solution on the current multi-layer planting. The results of this study were as follows; 1) Since landscape woody plants have been classified just as tree and shrub in Korea, the classification for the multi-layer planting has been unreasonable, and landscape woody plants might have been classified as tree, sub-tree and shrub, or upper, middle, and lower-layer, It could be defined that upper layer is over eight meters in full growth, middle over 3-8 meters and lower under 3 meters. 2) In apartments, the upper layer consisted of eighteen species, the middle and lower layer seven species each. In neighborhood parks, the upper layer consisted of fifteen species, and the middle and lower layer five species each. 3) In terms of planting year of the surveyed areas, there were no differences in the number of species when planting year of the apartment was divided into two groups, the first half(1900-1995) and the second(1996-2000). But, in terms of individual occupation, the percentage was decreased in upper layer, while there was increasing in middle and lower layer. 4) As the result of survey of multi-layered area, it appeared that apartment was shown 0.65 percent and neighborhood park 0.61 percent of the planted area, which was less than 1 percentage of landscape architecturally planted area. 5) In apartment, the number of individual in middle layers has been increased in the first half and the second, but with respect to the correlation with multi-layered area, the apartments had the "$\rho$=0.208", saying that increasing middle layer was scattered planting instead of multi-layered planting. 6) In planting at the apartments in Korea, the planting density was limited, because the layer division was restricted to only tree and shrub. On the contrary, it was divided into upper, middle and lower tree in Japan. Therefore, in Korea, it should be classified as the planting density by dividing into tree, sub-tree, and shrubs, or upper, middle and lower tree by the law. And, it should be considered that the multi-layered planting has a proper organic relation as well as the planting density.g density.