• 대한한의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.90-106
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• 2012

Objectives: Eight constitution medicine (ECM), which was first introduced in 1965, has been further developed and refined over the decades, and has consolidated its foundation through many studies on theories, diagnosis and clinical application. However, there have been few reviews on dissertations of ECM. In this study, we reviewed previously published studies related to ECM. Methods: We reviewed a total of 55 ECM-related studies published from 1965 to 2010 found on PubMed and various domestic Oriental medicine journals. Each thesis was classified as a theoretical, diagnostic, or remedy-related study. Results: 1. In the review of theoretical studies, shortly after ECM's introduction in 1965 by Kwon, the authors found studies on constitutional diseases, diets and food table which helped establish the background of ECM. ECM has further developed by comparing its theories with Sasang constitutional medicine, Huang-di-nei-jing, Saam, and Taegeuk acupuncture theories. 2. Research on diagnosis has been focused on its objectivity and accuracy. Constitution could be diagnosed by pulse-taking. To compensate for the lack of accuracy innate in pulse-taking, the Eight Constitution Questionnaire has been invented. 3. Remedies can be largely divided into acupuncture and diet. There were case studies comparing treatment effect of ECM acupuncture to other treatments. Diet related studies were carried out in the fields of immunology and nutrition. Conclusions: The authors reviewed studies that contributed to improved understanding of theories and clinical implications of ECM. Although there were various approaches to its theoretical and clinical grounds, more clinical research is needed. There is also a need to evaluate the accuracy of the experts' diagnoses of the constitution. The relationship between the diet and constitution also needs further research.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) has been widely used for commercial light-duty vehicles worldwide. Since LPG has a higher octane number and a lower maximum combustion temperature than gasoline , it becomes more popular fuel for reducing exhaust emissions. In tihs study, mathematical models of air intake and fuel delivery system are presented, and a PI-controller is designed for air-fuel ratio control. Hardware and software of an engine control module (ECM) are designed for an LPG engine. The ECM is built using a Motorola MC68HC05. In order to control the air-fuel ratio at stoichiometry, the PI-control algorithm is implemented in the ECM. The experiment results show the proto LPG ECM and its control scheme perform well to meet the stoichiometric air-duel ratio requirement.

• 경영과학
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.135-155
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• 2008

This paper investigates the value of the expectation-confirmation model(ECM) of IT continuance in the internet shopping environments and attempts to expand the ECM with consideration of users diverse internet shopping factors and their preferences. Here, the extended ECM measures the users expectation-confirmation separately at the product, site and service levels, rather than treating it a single construct as measured in the original model. Further, AHP has been used for assessing the relative importance among the shopping factors, and the priority has been used for deriving weighted expectation-confirmation levels in the model. PLS analysis shows that there are significant differences in path coefficients between the ECM and a weighted ECM. This Indicates that users preferences among the diverse shopping factors need to be properly assessed to better understand the relationship between users expectation-confirmation and their continued usage behavior.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

When simulating the mission flight of a fighter equipped with the avionic ECM pod, it is massively required to provide the correct information of threats, to depict the real environment of mission area, and to precisely model the capability of the ECM system. Also, in order to get the reliable results of those simulation, it should be supported the flexible changes of threat environments and the examination of multiple flight paths. This paper presents a software system which is possible to flexible and interactive ECM simulation. This system has capable of the 2D or 3D visualization of virtual battle field, the management of electronic threat data, and the simulation of engagement model.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• 제67권
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• pp.80-91
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• 2018

Here, we engineered spheroids by using ECM mimicking nano-fragments (NFs) with fibroblasts and investigated their effect on proliferation and cell/ECM interactions. NF incorporation resulted in formation of a stable spheroid, which improved proliferation and viability of cells by assisting oxygen transport confirmed by LOX-1 staining. In addition, hypoxic and apoptotic genes were significantly downregulated in spheroids with PD-NFs. Furthermore, ECM and cell junction proteins were highly expressed. Overall, our findings suggest that incorporation of NFs within spheroids for assembly with various cell types can be an alternative approach for 3D cell culture in many applications.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.2313-2316
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• 2015

Objective: To investigate the correlation between extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM1) and the growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Forty-five samples with laryngeal benign and malignant tumors confirmed by pathology in Laiwu City People's Hospital from March 2006 to March 2011 were collected, in which there were 29 cases with laryngeal carcinoma and 16 with benign tumors. The expression of ECM1 and factor VIII-related antigens in patients with laryngeal carcinoma and those with benign tumors was respectively detected using immunohistochemical method, and the correlation between ECM1 staining grade and microvessel density (MVD) was analyzed. Results: In laryngeal carcinoma tissue, ECM1 was mainly expressed in cytoplasm, less in cytomembrane or intercellular substance. With abundant expression in the tissue of laryngeal benign tumors (benign mesenchymoma and hemangioma), ECM1 was primarily expressed in the connective tissue, which was different from the expression in laryngeal carcinoma tissue. The proportion of positive ECM1 staining (++) in patients with laryngeal carcinoma was dramatically higher than those with benign tumors (p<0.05), and that of strongly-positive ECM1 staining (+++) slightly higher. The results of Spearman nonparametric correlation analysis revealed that ECM1 staining grade in laryngeal carcinoma tissue had a significantly-positive correlation with MVD (r=0.866, p=0.000). Conclusions: ECM1 expression in laryngeal carcinoma is closely associated with tumor cell growth, metastasis and angiogenesis, which can be considered as an effective predictor in the occurrence and postoperative recurrence of laryngeal carcinoma.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, we determined the anti-inflammatory activities and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the methanol extract from Erigeron Canadensis L. (ECM) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: The potential anti-inflammatory properties of ECM were investigated by using RAW264.7 macrophages. We used western blot assays and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect protein and mRNA expression, respectively. Luciferase assays were performed to determine the transactivity of transcription factors. RESULTS: ECM significantly inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-derived NO and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) derived PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. These inhibitory effects of ECM were accompanied by decreases in LPS-induced nuclear translocations and transactivities of $NF{\kappa}B$. Moreover, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) including extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2), p38, and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was significantly suppressed by ECM in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Further studies demonstrated that ECM by itself induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression at the protein levels in dose-dependent manner. However, zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a selective HO-1 inhibitor, abolished the ECM-induced suppression of NO production. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that ECM-induced HO-1 expression was partly responsible for the resulting anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that ECM exerts anti-inflammatory actions and help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the potential therapeutic values of Erigeron Canadensis L.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2011

The effects of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and cadmium (Cd) on physiological properties and Cd uptake by Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Cd treatment decreased the photosynthetic rate ($P_N$) of both non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants (16.3%) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants (11.5%). In addition, the reduction in total dry weight by Cd treatment was greater in ECM plants (24.3%) than that in NM plants (17.6%). Mycorrhizal infection increased the $P_N$ and transpiration rate in both control and Cd-treated plants. Cd treatment increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased glutathione reductase activity, and the increase of SOD activity by Cd treatment was greater in NM plants (40.3%) than that in ECM plants (3.7%). Thiol content increased in both NM and ECM plants treated with Cd solution, and the increase in thiol content in NM plants (43.9%) was greater than that of ECM plants (15.6%). Cd uptake in the leaves, stems, and roots of ECM plants was 69.9%, 167.2% and 72.8%, respectively, higher than in the NM plants. However, the increase in Cd uptake ability of ECM plants resulted in a reduction in dry weight.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2021

국내 석회암지대에 서식하는 참나무류의 뿌리에서 외생균근균(ectomycorrhizal fungi, ECM)의 다양성을 분석하였다. 분자분석을 통해 참나무류에 공생하고 있는 45속의 ECM을 확인하였다. ECM의 종 다양성 지수는 pH, 칼슘 농도, 유효인산 농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 전질소 함량과 유기물 함량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 군집분석 결과 석회토양의 특징인 pH와 칼슘 농도와 양의 상관관계를 갖는 ECM은 Sebacina, Tomentella, Tuber, Densospora, Inocybe, Suillus, Piloderma속에 속하는 균주들 이였으며, 이들은 토양 안정성이 약화된 석회암지대의 생태복원에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2001

포유동물의 난포내 난자의 성숙 시에는 난자를 둘러싸고 있는 난구세포의 확장 현상이 일어나는데 이 현상에는 hyaluronic acid 뿐만 아니라 다른 성분도 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 조직 재구성 과정에서 중요한 역할을 하는 matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)가 사람의 성숙한 난자-난구 복합체의 extracellular matrix(ECM)에 존재하는지의 여부를 알아보고자 하였다. 체외수정 시술 시에 얻어지는 사람의 난자-난구 복합체를 재료로 zymography와 western blotting 방법으로 조사한 결과 난자-난구 복합체의 ECM에는 300kDa, 240kDa, 200kDa, 180kDa, 116kDa, 97kDa, 그리고 84kDa의 분자량을 갖는 적어도 7종류의 gelatinase들이 존재하는 것이 관찰되었다. 이들 gelatinase가 MMP인지를 확인하기 위해 zymography 동안에 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 혹은 phenanthroline 등의 MMP 억제제를 처리한 결과 7종류 모두의 gelatinase 효소활성이 사라졌다. 또한 MMP의 활성제인 aminophenylmercuric acetate를 zymography를 시행하기 전에 ECM에 처리한 결과 200kDa, 180kDa, 97kDa, 84kDa의 gelatinase활성이 사라지고, 대신에 80kDa, 65kDa, 60kDa의 분자량을 갖는 새로운 gelatinase 단백질의 효소활성이 나타났다. 이로 미루어 사람 난자-난구 복합체의 ECM에는 여러 종류의 gelatinase들이 있으며 이들 중 일부는 MMP-2와 MMP-9의 동위효소들인 것으로 여겨진다.