• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 1998

As part of a study on the ability of fungicides to control disappearing root rot of ginseng (Panax quinquvdius) caused by Cylindruarpn destmtans, 15 fungicides were screened for toxicity to the fungus in vitro. Highly toxic fungicides were Benlate (benomyl), Thiram (thiram), and Orbit (propiconazole). EC5O values (mg a.i./L) were less than 1 and EC95 values were less than 10. Crown (carbathiin and thiabendazole), ASC-66835 (fluazinam), and UBI-2584 (tebuconazole) were moderately toxic, with EC5O values in the range 1-10 and EC95 values in the range 32-45. Weakly toxic fungicides (EC5O in the range 20-80, EC95 in the range 35-140) included UBI-2643 (thiabendazole), UBI-2565 (cyproconazole), and Vitaflo-280 (carbathiin and thiram). Anvil (hexaconazole), Vitaflo-250 (carbathiin), UBI-2383 (triadimenol), Daconil (chlorothalonil), CGA-173506 (fludioxonil), and CGA-169374 (difeno- conazole) were considered nontoxic to C. destmtan (EC5O 1.29->600, EC95>500). Relations between proportional inhibition of growth and concentration of fungicide were linear on arithmetic plots (Benlate, UBI-2643, UBI-2565, Vitaflo-280) or logarithmic plots (all other fungicides). Based on toxicity in vitro and formulation, it is recommended that Benlate, Orbit, and ASC-66835 be tested as soil drenches, and Benlate, Thiram, UBI-2584, and Crown be tested as seed treatments for controlling disappearing root rot.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.387-394
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• 2013

The Rhizoctonia blight causing by Rhizoctonia spp. is an important disease of turfgrass, requiring fungicide application to maintain acceptable conditions for turfgrass good qualities in the golf course. The experiment was conducted to determine the mean 50% effective concentration inhibiting mycelial growth ($EC_{50}$) value of to flutolanil, pyraclostrobine and hexaconazole to Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IB, Rhizoctonia cerealis and Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2IV isolated from Gyeongbuk province of Korea in vitro. Five discriminatory concentrations of each fungicide were used to detect in vitro sensitivity. The mean of $EC_{50}$ values to three systemic fungicides was the lowest isolate of R. solani AG-1 IB. However, the sensitivity of fungicides to Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2IV were higher mean $EC_{50}$ value of 0.026 ${\mu}g\;a.i.\;ml^{-1}$ of pyraclostrobine and 0.044 ${\mu}g\;a.i.\;ml^{-1}$ of flutolanil. R. cerealis was the lowest sensitivity to hexaconazole which was an average $EC_{50}$ value of 0.022 ${\mu}g\;a.i.\;ml^{-1}$. Inhibition of mycelial growth rate (%) by three combine fungicides using the $EC_{50}$ value of each fungicide was the highest R. solani AG2-2IV. Results of this study were may confirmed in vitro response fungicide of three Rhizoctonia species for control of Rhizoctonia blight in the field.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1982

The effects of measurement conditions on the emulsifying capacity(EC) and emulsion stability(ES) of proteins were studied in order to develop laboratory standard methods for the evaluation of emulsifying properties. The EC of proteins decreased with the increments of protein concentration and mixing rate. It increased with the increasing oil addition rate up to 0.8 ml/sec, but did not change at $0.8{\sim}1.2\;ml/sec$. The addition of sodiumchloride enhanced EC of proteins, attaining to the highest EC at 0.3M NaCl for Pro-Fam and 0.1M NaCl for Na-caseinate. The ES of Pro-Fam was higher than that of caseinate. The ES was increased by the increments of protein concentration, oil addition volume, mixing rate and mixing time. The EC and ES showed a close relation to the NSI of proteins, reaching to the lowest values of EC and ES at the isoelectric regions of proteins. The laboratory methods for measurements of emulsifying properties of proteins were established. The emulsifying properties of a laboratory-made soybean protein isolate were compared to those of commercial products by using the methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.547-555
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• 2018

In addition to North America and Europe, Korea is also responding to the toxic damage caused by the production and distribution of chemicals. Methods for assessing bio-toxicity of harmful substances have been widely introduced, but it is required of quantitative and speedy information for modeling. For 6 heavy metals, as zinc, copper, chrome, cadmium, mercury and lead, bio-toxicity assessment and kinetics model were constructed using Vibrio fischeri which is widely used luminous bacteria. The degree of luminescence activity and the toxicity of heavy metals were relative limunescence unit, RLU measured as by using a photomultiplier embedded device. The toxicity was assessed by the concentration levels giving under 20% lethality and lethal concentration, $EC_{50}$. In the results, the toxicity order were followed from mercury, lead, copper, chrome, zinc and cadmium. $EC_{{50},{\infty}}$ obtained by trends of $EC_{50}$ by time follows had highly linear agreement with main parameters of bio-toxicity modelling. The average error rates of the reproduced lethality obtained from DAM and TDM model on the basis of body residue, were 10.2% for mercury, lead, copper, chrome and 20.0 for the all 6 methals.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1B
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• pp.153-160
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• 2008

To estimate microbial contaminant loading discharged from diffuse sources, rainfall runoff of six rainfall events were monitored at three study watersheds of forestry and agricultural land use. Monitored indicator microorganism constituents were total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), Escherichia coli (EC), and fecal streptococcus (FS). Soil loss during elevated flow rate caused higher suspended solid concentrations. Indicator microorganism concentrations were closely related with flow rate. TC event mean concentration (EMC) from unpolluted forestry was $5.3{\times}10^3CFU/100ml$, FC EMC was $1.4{\times}10^3CFU/100ml$, EC EMC was $1.1{\times}10^3CFU/100ml$, and FS EMC was $2.9{\times}10^2CFU/100ml$. From a watershed with agricultural-forestry land use, TC EMC was $1.7{\times}10^5CFU/100ml$, FC EMC was $8.5{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, EC EMC was $8.9{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, and FS EMC was $3.4{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$. Mixed land use of agricultural-forestry with bigger area, TC EMC was $1.9{\times}10^5CFU/100ml$, FC EMC was $9.6{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, EC EMC was $7.0{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$, and FS EMC was $5.1{\times}10^4CFU/100ml$.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activities and xanthine oxidase inhibition effects of water and ethanol extracts of Cynomorium songaricum. The ethanol extract of C. songaricum (EE) contained more phenolic and flavonoid compounds than the water extract (WE). The antioxidant activities of the extracts were increased as the concentration of the extract increased. The WE has better effectiveness than the EE for DPPH free radical scavenging activity and nitrite scavenging ability. The nitrite scavenging abilities of WE were 90.02% ($EC_{50}$ 653.15 ${\mu}g$/mL) at conditions of pH 1.2 and 2,000 ${\mu}g$/mL, and 84.34% ($EC_{50}$ 817.17 ${\mu}g$/mL) at pH 3.0. The EE has more effective SOD-like activity and XO inhibition than WE. The SOD-like activity of EE was 81.47% at a concentration of 2,000 ${\mu}g$/mL, $EC_{50}$ was 951.70 ${\mu}g$/mL. The xanthine oxidase inhibition of the EE, with an $EC_{50}$of 112.47 ${\mu}g$/mL, is greater than that of ascorbic acid, which was 192.50 ${\mu}g$/mL (p<0.05). These results suggest that the C. songaricum is a potentially useful antioxidant source for the development of nutraceuticals and medicines.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.66-74
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• 2002

The effects of phenol during ethylene carbonate (EC) liquefaction of pine bark in the presence of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a catalyst were investigated. Liquefaction of pine bark using EC in the presence of acid catalyst was very difficult in comparison to wood. Mixing ethylene glycol (EG) with EC improved the liquefaction process, but the maximum liquefaction yield did not exceed 78%. Mixing 20~30% phenol with EC was very effective for the liquefaction and the residue was remarkably decreased. More than 95% of liquefaction was achieved when about 30% phenol was mixed with EC. The reaction conditions, such as catalyst concentration, liquefaction temperature and time, type of catalyst and liquefying agent, had a great influence on the liquefaction process. The results of the average molecular weights and the amount of combined phenols for the liquefied products indicated that sulfuric acid (SA) causes high condensation reactions compared to MSA.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.385-392
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• 1996

Changes in polyamine titers and enzyme activities during radicle growth of Glycine max were studied in order to investigate the effect of ferulic acid in regulation of polyamine biosynthesis. Among eight compounds used, gallic acid stimulated the radicle growth and ferulic acid inhibited it significantly. During the radicle growth of Glycine max, the content of putrescine was shown the highest level at the second day, while at the fourth day spermidine was the highest and spermine followed. Ornithine decarboxylass (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) seems to be responsible for biosynthesis of putrescine. As the concentration of ferulic acid (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mM) treated increased, the content of spermine was gradually enhanced and putrescine was increased at 0.001~0.01 mM, decreased after 0.1 mM concentration but spermidine was not affected. Ferulic acid elevated ODC and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylass (SAMDC, EC 4.1.1.50) activity. ODC activity was increased more than 120% and SAMDC activity was increased about 50% more than that of the control. Diamine oxidase (DAO EC, 1.4.3.6) activity was enhanced about 20% at low concentration, decreased after then.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the effects of electrical conductivity (EC) and rootstock on initial growth and physiological response of grafted pepper in protected cultivation. The pepper (Capcicum annuum L.) cultivars 'Nokgwang' was used as scions, and the cultivars used as rootstocks were Capcicum annuum L: 'Kataguruma', 'Conesian hot' and 'Tantan'. The scion cultivar left ungrafted was used as a control. Two experiments were to examine the effects of the EC levels of nutrient solution on the growth and physiological response of grafted pepper, respectively. Nutrient solution was supplied with three level (1.5, 3.0, 5.0dS/m). By the change of nutrient solution EC level, the plant growth of all seedlings decreased with the increase in EC level. grafted seedling was grafted onto rootstock cultivar 'kataguruma' showed higher growth than the other cultivar at the EC 5.0dS/m level. But this result was slightly different by cultivation time (spring and fall). The total N and P concentration were increased with the increase in EC level, but the Ca and Mg concentration were decreased. Photosynthetic rate of ungrafted seedlings decreased at the EC 5.0dS/m level. But there was no difference between EC 1.5 and 3.0dS/m level. Grafted seedlings showed lower photosynthetic rate at the EC 5.0dS/m level. The activity of SOD do not have a uniformly tendency by the EC level. With the EC 5.0dS/m level, the activity of APX attained higher level than the other EC level. Further study will be needed to examine additional cultivation experiment for more variable rootstock, and development of rootstock for salinity tolerance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.397-402
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• 2009

In Korea, salt stress is one of the major problems limiting crop production and eco-environmental quality in greenhouse soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of organic residues (Chinese milk vetch, maize stalk, rice straw, and rye straw) for reducing salt activity in greenhouse soil. Organic residues was incorporated with salt-accumulated soil (EC, 3.0 dS $m^{-1}$) at the rate of 5% (wt $wt^{-1}$) and the changes of electrical conductivity (EC) was determined weekly for 8 weeks under incubation condition at $30^{\circ}C$. The EC, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and water soluble ions in soil was strongly affected by C/N ratio of organic residues. After 8 weeks incubation, the concentration of water soluble $NO_3{^-},\;Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ was significantly decreased in organic residues having high C/N ratio (maize stalk, rice straw, and rye straw) incorporated soil compared to organic residues having lower C/N ratio (Chinese milk vetch) incorporated soil. The EC value in Chinese milk vetch incorporated soil was higher than control treatment. In contrast, maize stalk, rice straw, and rye straw amended soil was highly decreased the EC value compared to control and Chinese milk vetch applied soil after 4 weeks incubation. Our results indicated that incorporation of organic residues having high C/N ratio (>30) could reduce salt activity resulting from reducing concentration of water soluble ions.