• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-130
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• 1988

Though most of East European coutries seem to hold a pronatalist policy, they approve of family planning and provide contraceptive services. One of the most popular contraceptive method has traditionally been the coitus interruptus in these countries. One of the major reasons for adopting family planning is to decrease the incidence of induced abortion has been closely related to the popular use of coitus interruptus in these countries. Most of the East European countries liberalized induce abortion legally mainly to neutralize the wide practice of illegal abortion. However, the practice of induced abortion is under the strict control of the public health authorities in these countries. Migration and redistribution of population of population are mostly under the control of the state in these socialist countries. Policies on migration and redistribution are usually carried out to achieve the general goal of socio-economic development plan of the states. Both incentive measures and control measures are mobilized to affect the internal migration and redistribution of population. With respect to public health East European countries are characterized by the socialized medicine following the Soviet model. Public health measures and medical practice are controlled by the state and highly centralized in many countries except Yugoslavia. They place much emphasis on preventive medicine, primary health care, occupatinal and industrial medicine, and health education. Private sectors in medical practice do not exist in these countries of Eastern Europe.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.344-352
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• 2019

Marine production strings are continuously affected by unstable internal fluid during operation. In this paper, the structural governing equation for marine production string self-induced vibration is constructed. A finite element analysis model is established based on Euler-Bernoulli theory and solved by the Newmark method. Furthermore, based on reliability theory, a self-design procedure is developed to determine the operability envelope for marine production string self-induced vibration. Case studies show: the response frequency of the production strings is consistent with the excitation frequency under harmonic fluctuation and mainly determined by the first-order natural frequency under stochastic fluctuation. The operability envelope for marine production string self-induced vibration is a near symmetrical trapezium. With the increasing of natural gas output, the permissible fluctuation coefficient dramatically decreases. A reasonable centralizer spacing, increasing top tension, and controlling natural gas output are of great significance to the risk control in marine production string operation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2023

Purpose - This study aims to identify the importance of subsidiary entrepreneurship as a key factor when MNE attempts to invest in challenging overseas markets. Through the simultaneous consideration of institutional theory and entrepreneurship theory, this study would like to examine how Korean subsidiaries in the Middle East improve their performance locally. Design/methodology - To reflect the characteristics of emerging markets, this study conducted a survey of Korean subsidiaries in the Middle East in cooperation with KOTRA and analyzed the hypotheses using a structural equation model based on 249 valid responses. Findings - The findings of this study are as follows. First, we found that institutional and business distance would positively affect subsidiaries' entrepreneurship. The result that subsidiaries' entrepreneurship is positively affected by institutional and business distance implies that attempts to close the difference between heterogeneous markets would increase subsidiaries' innovative proactiveness, such as R&D and creative marketing strategies. Second, we confirmed that the institutional and business distance positively mediate the subsidiaries' entrepreneurship growth, leading to high performance. Therefore, Korean subsidiaries are required and prepared to establish strategies to better understand institutional and business distances in advance and reduce the liability of foreignness by conducting customized research and training programs before sending Korean expatriates to local subsidiaries in the Middle East. Originality/value - This study contributed to institutional and entrepreneurship theory by proving the traditional relationship between institutional and business distance to subsidiaries' performance and the mediation of subsidiary entrepreneurship.

• Atmosphere
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.505-517
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• 2023

This study investigates the impacts of carbon neutrality and air quality control policies on near-term climate change in East Asia, by examining three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios from five climate models. Specifically, low carbon and strong air quality control scenario (SSP1-1.9), high carbon and weak air quality control scenario (SSP3-7.0), and high carbon and strong air quality control scenario (SSP3-7.0-lowNTCF) are compared. For these scenarios, the near-term climate (2045-2054 average) changes are evaluated for surface air temperature (SAT), hot temperature extreme intensity (TXx), and hot temperature extreme frequency (TX90p). In all three scenarios, SAT, TXx, and TX90p are projected to increase in East Asia, while carbon neutrality reduces the increasing rate of SAT and hot temperature extremes. Air quality control strengthens the warming rate. These opposed mitigation effects are robustly forced in all model simulations. Nonetheless, the impact of carbon neutrality overcomes the impact of air quality control. These results suggest that fast carbon neutrality, more effective than an air quality control policy, is necessary to slowdown future warming trend in East Asia.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.60-76
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• 2022

This study presents a software full setup and the following test execution times in a Linux cluster for the United Kingdom Earth System Model (UKESM) and then compares the model results from control and experimental simulations of the UKESM relative to various observations. Despite its low resolution, the latest version of the UKESM can simulate tropospheric chemistry-aerosol processes and the stratospheric ozone chemistry using the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol (UKCA) module. The UKESM with UKCA (UKESM-UKCA) can treat atmospheric chemistryaerosol-cloud-radiation interactions throughout the whole atmosphere. In addition to the control UKESM run with the default CMIP5 SO₂ emission dataset, an experimental run was conducted to evaluate the aerosol effects on meteorology by changing atmospheric SO₂ loading with the newest REAS data over East Asia. The simulation period of the two model runs was 28 years, from January 1, 1982 to December 31, 2009. Spatial distributions of monthly mean aerosol optical depth, 2-m temperature, and precipitation intensity from model simulations and observations over East Asia were compared. The spatial patterns of surface temperature and precipitation from the two model simulations were generally in reasonable agreement with the observations. The simulated ozone concentration and total column ozone also agreed reasonably with the ERA5 reanalyzed one. Comparisons of spatial patterns and linear trends led to the conclusion that the model simulation with the newest SO₂ emission dataset over East Asia showed better temporal changes in temperature and precipitation over the western Pacific and inland China. Our results are in line with previous finding that SO₂ emissions over East Asia are an important factor for the atmospheric environment and climate change. This study confirms that the UKESM can be installed and operated in a Linux cluster-computing environment. Thus, researchers in various fields would have better access to the UKESM, which can handle the carbon cycle and atmospheric environment on Earth with interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.389-401
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• 2003

The changes in structure and abundance of taxon or species groups in the East Sea ecosystem were compared between pre- and post-Climatic Regime Shift (CRS) occurred in the mid 1970s using an ECOPATH model. Although the East Sea ecosystem consisted of primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and terminal consumers most species groups were classified as secondary consumers. The mean trophic level between pre- and post-CRS increased from 3.09 during the pre-CRS period to 3.28 during the post-CRS period. Total biomass of the species groups in the East Sea ecosystem increased by $9\%$ due to the CRS, and total catch increased by $48\%.$ The most significant differences between pre- and post-CRS models occurred at the mid/high trophic levels occupied by fishes and cephalopods. Relative contribution of the different species groups to the total energy flow was calculated for the trophic level III. As a result, the status by the dominant species in the East Sea ecosystem shifted from cephalopods to walleye pollock due to the CRS. Relative contribution of 5 species, which were commercially important, such as Pacific saury, Pacific sardine, filefish, walleye pollock and sandfish in trophic level III, were also changed due to the CRS. Finally, the CRS turned out to cause large variations in biomass and catch of fisheries resources as well as the status and role of the major species.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.47
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• pp.299-318
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• 2010

International trade environment is rapidly changing. Developing all economic activities included in the value chain of economy out of a particular country or region in the trends where globalization is spreading all over the world, 'a borderless world' has been created and become common throughout the world. Especially, in case of East Asian region, becoming the factory of the world, China has become a center of the world's economic activities in recent years; and the increase of regional investment among East Asian countries and trade expansion focused on China has been the factor of promoting the formulation of a regional trade network. SCM is an efficient way of adaptation to the complexity or uncertainty on the scene through the achievement of a sustainable competitive advantage by integrating the activities of improving the relationships in the supply chain. In this study, Sumitronics, a Japanese company, was studied as a case of the company who had implemented SCM effectively and efficiently utilizing the East Asian trade network. Not being engaged in the manufacturing processes in the headquarter, Sumitronics has implemented SCM which is capable of maximizing the responsiveness upon the requirements of customers by effective information sharing. In particular, the profits of the company have been maximized through SCM by its headquarter in Japan, which is capable of managing each base in East Asia as China and Southeast Asia, etc. Korean companies may also be able to create a new source of profit by dint of establishing SCM as such. The results of this case study has revealed that the implementation of an effective business model is the key of the successful implementation of SCM.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.123-132
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• 2011

Supply chain for the economic development of East Asian economic development model, the study's purpose is to establish. Korea, Japan, China, Russia and Asia, including North Korea and get the status of economic development by focusing on key issues and proposed solutions, within a few years of the coming of a new East Asian economic integration of new supply chain would like to prepare for the era. Weight The weight of the center to the center of East Asia, looking for techniques to approach the supply chain scenario, the economic development strategies and measures were studied. East Asia's economic potential value of the supply chain, identify and recognize the importance and benefits should be Presents detailed country-specific development strategies and leading Asian economies will have to pay the supply chain. Republic of Korea's leading East Asian economies in order to supply the industry, industry development strategy as detailed in the running to move. North and South Korea for economic integration, the era of supply-chain economy, you need to prepare calmly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.105-114
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• 1997

Wind is one of the main forcing contributing the circulation of the East Sea. By using 1.5-layer and 2.5-layer reduced gravity models, circulation in the East Sea is simulated. The bifurcation of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC), the separation of East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) from the east coast of Korea, the Nearshore Branch of TWC, and the cyclonic gyres stretched from the East Korea Bay to the northern half of the East Sea are compared well with the schematic map. The features of the upper and the lower layer are very similar except for those of the central region. The Polar Front is the separating line of two different features. The main feature of northern part of the East Sea, north of the Polar Front is cyclonic gyres, which are composed of three cyclonic gyres in most seasons. North Korean Cold Current (NKCC) and Liman Cold Current (LCC) are the nearshore part of these cyclonic gyres. In the south of the Polar Front the current systems of both layers are anticyclonic in most seasons, except that those of the upper layer in winter and spring are not anticyclonic. Along the coast of Korea and Russia, the velocity structure is barotropic, while that of the central region is baroclinic. The effects due to the seasonal variations of wind stress and local Ekman suction/pumping are studied by imposing the domain with modified wind stress. which is spatial mean with temporal variations and temporal mean with spatial variations. It is found that the local Ekman suction/pumping due to wind stress curl is important to the formation of the cyclonic gyres in the western and the northwestern region of the East Sea.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1999

A two-layer quasi-geostrophic numerical model is used to investigate the temporal variability of the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC), especially the separation from the Korean coast and the generation of warm eddies. An attention is given on the active role of the nonlinear boundary layer process. For this, an idealized flat bottom model of the East Sea is forced with the annual mean wind curl and with the inflow-outflow specified at the Korea (Tsushima) and Tsugaru Straits. Two types of separation mechanisms are identified. The first one is influenced by the westward movement of the recirculating leg of the EKWC (externally driven separation),the second one is solely driven by the boundary layer dynamics (internally driven separation). However, these two processes are not independent, and usually coexist. It is hypothesized that 'internally driven separation' arises as the result of relative vorticity production at the wall, its subsequent advection via the EKWC, and its accumulation up to a critical level characterized by the separation of the boundary flow from the coast. It is found that the sharp southeastern corner of the Korean peninsula provides a favorable condition for the accumulation of relative vorticity. The separation of the EKWC usually accompanies the generation of a warm eddy with a diameter of about 120 km. The warm eddy has a typical layer-averaged velocity of 0.3 m/s and its lifespan is up to a year. In general, the characteristics of the simulated warm eddy are compatible with observations. A conclusion is therefore drawn that the variability of the EKWC is at least partially self-excited, not being influenced by any sources of perturbation in the forcing field, and that the likely source of the variability is the barotropic instability although the extent of contribution from the baroclinic instability remains unknown. The effects of the seasonal wind curl and inflow-outflow strength are also investigated.