• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.923-929
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• 2019

In this paper, biomimetic based physical ear model proposed for measuring the characteristics of a hybrid-acoustic sensor for fully implantable middle-ear hearing aid. The proposed physical ear model consists of the external ear, middle-ear, and cochlea. The physical ear model was implemented based on the anatomical structure and CT images of the human ear. To confirm the characteristics of the ear model, the vibrational characteristics of the stapes was measured after applying sound pressure to the tympanic membrane. The measured results were compared with the vibrational characteristics of the human temporal bone specified by ASTM F2504-05. Through the comparison results, the feasibility of the proposed ear model was confirmed. Then, after attaching the hybrid-acoustic sensor to the ear model, the output characteristics of the ECM and acceleration sensor were measured according to the sound pressure. The measured results were compared with previous studies using human temporal bone, and the usefulness of the proposed physical ear model was verified through the analysis results.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.842-849
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• 2011

The human ear canal amplifies the sound pressure level at specific frequency bands. The characteristics of the ear canal are very similar to those of curved cylindrical tube. In this study, the characteristics of sound transfer in human ear canal were measured and the acoustical space of ear canal was reproduced from the canal cavity geometry. For the measurement of sound transfer function in ear canal, a probe microphone and a reference microphone were used. The sound transfer functions were measured for 5 human subjects. To reproduce the acoustical space of the ear canal, two kinds of ear simulator were designed. The first one is a straight cylindrical tube type and the other is a real-shape ear of which geometry was taken from a micro-CT scanning of a human ear. The characteristics of the reproduced apparatus were compared with those of the human and a commercial ear simulator, RA0045 of G.R.A.S. Inc. The comparison results show that the developed apparatus well represent the ear canal characteristics in the low frequency, but have limited coincidence in level over high frequency range.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2023

The inner ear constitutes a complex organ responsible for auditory perception and equilibrium. It comprises diverse cellular entities operating collaboratively to perceive and transmit sensory information to the brain. Inner ear disease is a sophisticated and multifactorial scenario substantially impacting the quality of life of affected individuals. Gaining insights into the developmental process of the inner ear is crucial for diagnosing and treating inner ear diseases, which can lead to hearing loss and impaired balance. Recent research in inner ear development and associated pathophysiology has focused on several pivotal domains, including identifying new genes and signaling pathways involved in inner ear development, using stem cells for inner ear regeneration, and developing novel therapies for inner ear diseases. Recent advances in genetics research have shed new light on the fundamental etiologies of inner ear diseases, with a growing body of evidence suggesting that genetic mutations might exert a pivotal influence on the development and progression of this condition. In this review, we have delved into certain common genetic mutations linked to inner ear disorders. We also discussed ongoing research endeavors and future directions for understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying this condition and potential therapeutic avenues.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.1055-1061
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• 2011

In this study, main parameters: aperture, first bend and second bend which express a structure of ear canal are extracted in order to modeling and manufacture the ready-made ear shells of hearing aids. The proposed parameter extraction method consists of 2 important algorithms, aperture detection and feature detection. In the aperture detection algorithm, aperture of 3-D scanned virtual ear impression and parameters relating to ear shell of hearing aid are determined. The feature detection algorithm detects first bend, second bend, and related parameters. Through these two algorithms, parameters for aperture, first bend, and second bend are extracted to model the ready-made ear shell of hearing aid. The values of these extracted parameters from 36 people's right ear impression are analyzed and measured statistically. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that it is possible to classify ready-made ear shell parameters by age and size. The ready-made ear shell parameters are classified 3-size for 20 years old and 2-size for 60 years olde. Using 3D rhino program, virtual ready-made ear shell is reconstructed by parameters of every type, and simulated to model it. A final product was produced by transferring simulation result with rapid prototyping system. The modeled ready-made ear shell is evaluated with the objective and subjective method. Objective method is the comparison volume ratio and overlapped volume ratio of ear impression from randomly chosen 18 people and ready-made ear shell. And subjective method is that the final product of ready-made ear shell is used by users and the satisfaction number drawn from well fitting and comfortable testing was evaluated. In the result of the evaluation, it has been found that volume ration is 70%, big and middle size ready-made ear shell products are possible, and the satisfaction number is high.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.151-154
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• 2009

The external ear generates resonance gain because of anatomical characteristics. The ear canal resonance is influenced by the length and volume of the ear canal, the pinna, the concha cavity, the body trunk, and the speed of sound wave. This study is focus on the influence of the volume of ear canal. 17-healthy-adult (32 ears) were participated. They did not have any medical and ear disease history. The maximum resonance frequency of the ear canal was 2675 (${\pm}265$) Hz at azimuth $0^{\circ}$ and 2784 (${\pm}268$) Hz at azimuth $45^{\circ}$. The resonance gain was 18.1 (${\pm}3.9$) dB at azimuth $0^{\circ}$ and 17.9 (${\pm}3.8$) dB at azimuth $45^{\circ}$, respectively. The ear canal volume was 0.78 (${\pm}0.2$) cc and 1.32 (${\pm}0.8$) cc including static compliance. The ear canal resonance was changed depending on the ear canal volume. It was also statistically correlated at azimuth $0^{\circ}$ (p=0.038) and $45^{\circ}$ (p=0.013), respectively. The resonance gain was not correlated with the ear canal volume. The change of resonance frequency according to the ear canal volume will be useful information in the field of audiological rehabilitation especially for hearing aids fitting. In addition, we expected this study can provide the basic information for the study of the external ear resonance characteristics.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2010

Most of the ear shells of hearing aids are manufactured manually, and it is one of the reasons that the cost of the custom-made hearing aids can be increased. Thus it is required to manufacture the ready-made ear shell for the purpose of easy manufacturing and decrease in cost. In this study, we extract parameters in order to manufacture the ready-made ear shell for CIC type hearing aids and simulate to reconstruct the ear shell using the extracted parameters. To parameter extraction, we set up the eleven parameters for the ready-made ear shell based on anatomical characteristics of the ear canal, and we found values of the parameters from twenty-one impressions in their 20s and twelve impressions in their 60s using aperture detection and feature detection algorithms. Classifying the parameters by size, we also determine the parameters of ready-made ear shell into three types for people in their 20s and two types for people in their 60s. Each ready-made ear shell was simulated to reconstruct using figured parameters, and evaluated the rate of agreement with unused impressions for setting parameters. To evaluate the ready-made ear shell, we calculate the volume ratio and intersection between of the each impression and ready-made ear shell, and the intersection ratio using the intersection volume and ready-made ear shell volume. As a result, the volume ratio was about 70%, and volume match ratio was also up to 70%. It means that the ready-made ear shell we simulated is the significantly matched to impression.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.46-49
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• 2010

Purpose: It has been reported that the ear perfusion can maintain by a very small pedicle because the ear has good vascularized system. Replantation of an amputated ear with vascular anastmosis, has been reported before and offers the succeessful reconstructive results. But, in this paper we report a case of complete nonmicrosurgical salvage of a nearly amputated ear based on 7 mm-wide small skin pedicle with adjunctive therapies. Methods: A 49-year-old man was referred with a nearly complete detachment of left ear. The blood supply to the ear was maintained exclusively on 7 mm-wide small skin pedicle in the lobule. After we identified the fresh bleeding at the distal margin of the detached ear, we performed the primary repair. At the end of the procedure, the areas of the concha bowl and helical root appeared to be congested. So the immediate postoperative treatment for improving the tissue survival was done with Lipo-Prostaglandin E1 (Eglandin$^{(R)}$) injection, leech apply and antibiotics medications. Results: Assessment of the replanted ear on postoperative day 14 revealed a nearly viable auricle including the helical root. The ear appeared to be entirely healed, with excellent projection and fully restored normal elasticity. Conclusion: We found the complete salvage of a nearly amputated ear based on 7 mm-wide small skin pedicle with adjunctive therapies including Lipo-Prostaglandin E1 (Eglandin$^{(R)}$) injection, leech apply and antibiotics without microsurgery.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.334-339
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• 1995

옥수수의 육성과정이나 교잡종 생산시에 암술봉투를 씌우기 전에 상부이삭이 출사하는 경우에는 출사한 개체를 버리지 않고 출사한 이삭을 제거하면 하부이삭이 발육하므로 종자 생산을 기대 할 수 있다. 본 실험은 7개의 자식계통을 공시하여 출사된 상부이삭의 제거가 하부이삭의 개화와 종자생산에 대한 반응을 검토하고자 실시하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 상부이삭을 제거하였을 때 하부이삭의 출사기는 상부이삭보다 4일 정도 지연되었으며 자식계통간에 차이가 있었다. 2. 하부이삭의 적장은 상부이삭에 비하여 평균 36% 정도 짧았으며, 자식계통 NC246은 하부 이삭이 발육출사되지 않아 자식계통간의 차이를 나타냈다. 3. 하부이삭의 이삭열수와 열당립수는 각각 28%, 37% 적었고 수당립수는 43% 적었으며. 자식계통간의 감소 범위는 0∼82% 이었다. 4. 수양구성 요소중에서 100입중의 감소 정도가 가장 적었고, 수장과 수양구성 요소에 대한 변리계수는 상부이삭에 비하여 하부이삭에서 약 2배 정도 컸다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2017

Formant frequencies depend on the position of tongue, the shape of lips, and larynx. In the auditory system, the external ear canal is an open-end resonator, which can modify the voice characteristics. This study investigates the effect of the real ear on formant frequencies. Fifteen subjects ranging from 22 to 30 years of age participated in the study. This study employed three corner vowels: the low central vowel /a/, the high front vowel /i/, and the high back vowel /u/. For this study, the voice of a well-educated undergraduate who majored in speech-language pathology, was recorded with a high performance condenser microphone placed in the upper pinna and in the ear canal. Paired t-test showed that there were significant difference in the formant frequencies of F1, F2, F3, and F4 between the free field and the real ear. For /a/, all formant frequencies decreased significantly in the real ear. For /i/, F2 increased and F3 and F4 decreased. For /u/, F1 and F2 increased, but F3 and F4 decreased. It seems that these voice modifications in the real ear contribute to interpreting voice quality and understanding speech, timbre, and individual characteristics, which are influenced by the shape of the outer ear and external ear canal in such a way that formant frequencies become centralized in the vowel space.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집 - 한국공작기계학회
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• pp.495-499
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• 2000

Auditory system is separated to Outer Ear, Middle Ear and Inner Ear, Middle Ear plays an important role as the sound transfer on amplitude. With analysing of Middle Ear, we can understand disease and compare unformal auditory systems. However, the investigation of mechanical modeling and analysis have been reported in a few paper. In this paper, a three dimensional Eardrum model of human ear was developed and analysed applying the general purpose Finite-Element program (Nastran). Vibration patterns of the eardrum obtained from FEM analysis are in agreements with the experimental results using stroboscope.