• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.59-120
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• 1977

An antibiotic 'P', which is one of the products of the Gist Brocades N. V. is being tested by its research department as fungicide on seed-potatoes. For this testing they designed experiments, with two control groups, one competitor's product, eight formulations of the antibiotic to be tested in different concentrations and one mercury treatment which can not be used in practice. The treated potatoes were planted in three different regions, where bifferent conditions prevail. After several months the harvested potatoes are divided in groups according to their diameter, potato illness is analysed and counted. These data were summarised in percentage and given to us for Analysis. We approached and analysed the data by following methods: a. Computation of the mean and standard deviation of the percenage of good results in each size group and treatment. b. Computation of the experimental errors by substraction of each treatment mean from observed data. c. Description of the frequency table, plotting of a histogram and a normal curve on same graph to check normality. d. Test of normality paper and chi-sqeare test to check the goodness of fit to a normal curve. e. Test for homogeneity of variance in each treatment with the Cochran's test and Hartley's test. f. Analysis of Variance for testing the means by one way classifications. g. Drawing of graphs with upper and lower confidence limits to show the effect of different treatments. h. T-test and F-test to two Control mean and variance for making one control of Dunnett's test. i. Dunnett's Test and calculations for numerical comarision of different treatments wth one control. In region R, where the potatoes were planted, it was this year very dry and rather bad conditions to grow potatoes prevailed during the experimental period. The results of this investigation show us that treatment No.2, 3 and 4 are significantly different from other treatments and control groups (none treated, just like natural state). Treatment no.2 is the useless mercury formulation. So only No. 3 and 4, which have high concentrations of antibiotic 'P', gave a good effect to the potatoes. As well as the competitors product, middle and low concentrated formulations are not significantly different from control gro-ups of every size. In region w, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in region R, prevailed better weather conditions and was enough water obtainable from the lake. The results in this region showed that treatment No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are Significantly different from other treatments and the control groups. Again No.2 is the mercury treatmentin this investigation. Not only high concentrated formulation of antibiotic 'P', but also the competitor's poroduct gave good results. But, the effect of 'P', was better than the competitors porduct. In region G, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in the regions R and w. and the climate conditions were equal to region R, the results showed that most of the treatments are not significantly different from the control groups. Only treatment no. 3 was a little bit different from the others. but not Significantly different. It seems to us that the difference between the results in the three regions was caused by certain conditions like, the nature of the soil the degres of moisture and hours of sunshine, but we are not sure of that. As a conclusion, we can say that antibiotic 'P' has a good effect on potatoes, but in most investigations a rather high concentration of 'P' was required in formulations.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 1999

Objectives: We explored the characteristics of physiological variables such as electrodermal response(EDR) and electromyography(EMG) in patients with insomnia, panic disorder, and other anxiety disorders. we aimed to decide the minimum sessions in biofeedback treatment to make the treatment effective and examine the effects of long-term biofeedback treatment by measuring the physiological variables. Methods: Thirty seven outpatients who received biofeedback treatment were divided into 3 groups according to the number of biofeedback sessions(patients who received 4-5 sessions, who received 6-9 sessions, and who received more than 10 sessions). We measured mean and delta values of EDR and EMG levels, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale(HARS), and Slef-Relaxation Inventory(SRI) in all patients. Data were analyzed by t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The mean and delta values of EDR and EMG levels were not different among the 3 groups during the first 4 biofeedback sessions. However, patients who received more than 10 biofeedback sessions had higher baseline mean EDR value(F=2.233, p=0.036) in the first session, compared with other patients. In patients who received more than 10 biofeedback sessions, mean EDR was significantly reduced after $5^{th}$ session(F=10.41, p<0.01). They showed significant improvement in SRI scores at 12th biofeedback session(t=2.726, p<0.05) and in HARS scores at $6^{th}$(t=3.10, p<0.05) and $12^{th}$ biofeedback session(t=10.93, p<0.001). Conclusions: Wesuggest that patients should receive more than 5 biofeedback sessions to experience internal cues and get a good clinical response to biofeedback treatment.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

This experiment was designed to improve the production efficiency of germ-line chimeric mice from phospholipase C (PLC)-$\beta$3 or peroxiredoxin (Prx) E -targeted ($\Delta$) ES cells by the investigating the manipulation conditions and characteristics of Jl ES cells. Four targeting clones were isolated to investigate the karyotypical and morphological stability prior to injection. All clones ($\Delta$PLC$\beta$-3 C3, $\Delta$Prx II C3, C10 and I5) showed more than 80% euploidism, however, most of $\Delta$PLC$\beta$-3 C3 clones were extensively differentiated compared to the other clones. Nine of 13 $\Delta$Prx II chimeras appeared to have at least 80% chimerism, whereas $\Delta$PLC$\beta$-3 C3 chimeras had 20% chimerism at most. Therefore, the morphological stability of ES cells under stable euploidism might mainly affect the production rate of high-coat chimeric mice. To increase the collection rate of injectable blastocysts (IBs), 5 to 10 week -aged C57BL/6J female mice were sacrificed at 3.5 days post-coitum. Ten week-aged mice were the most optimal IB donors by showing the highest collection rate (2.94/mouse) of injectable blastocysts without increase of non-injectable embryos (0.29/mouse). Foster mothers might be another factor because ICR x C57BL/6J F1 foster mother showed more increased productivity in litter size (2.8 vs. 5.6) and chimera (0 vs. 35.3%) than those of ICR foster mothers. In conclusion, the efficient production of germ-line chimeras mainly depends on the maintenance of ES cell morphology during targeting procedure, and the establishment of manipulation conditions might be a key point to maximize it.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.593-600
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• 2006

The effects of breed and sex on individual growth performance and feeding behaviour were studied between 45 and 90 kg BW in two replicates of forty group-housed pigs. The first and the second replicates were carried out during the warm season (i.e. between February and April 2003) and during the hot season (i.e. between August and October 2003), respectively. During the warm season, ambient temperature and relative humidity averaged $25.3^{\circ}C$ and 86.0%. The corresponding values for the hot season were $27.9^{\circ}C$ and 83.6%. The pigs were grouped in pens of 10 animals on the basis of breed (Creole or Large White) and sex (gilt or castrated male) and given ad libitum access to a grower diet (9.0 MJ/kg net energy and 158 g/kg crude protein) via feed intake recording equipment (Acema 48). An ear-tag transponder was inserted into each pig and this allowed the time, duration, and size of individual visits to be recorded. The growth performance and feeding pattern were significantly affected by breed, sex, and season. The Creole pigs (CR) had a lower average daily gain (ADG) (642 vs. 861 g/d, p<0.01) and carcass lean content ($LC_{90kg}$) (35.4 vs. 54.5%; p<0.01) and a higher backfat thickness at 90 kg BW ($BT_{90kg}$) (23.4 vs. 10.4 mm; p<0.01) than Large White pigs (LW) whereas the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not affected by breed (2.34 vs. 2.22 kg/d, respectively for CR and LW pigs; p>0.10). Consequently, the food:gain ratio was higher in CR than in LW (3.65 vs. 2.58; p<0.01). CR had less frequent meals but ate more feed per meal than LW (5.9 vs. 8.8 meals/d and 431 vs. 279 g/meal; p<0.01). The rate of feed intake was lower (27.6 vs. 33.9 g/min; p<0.01) and the ingestion time per day and per meal were higher in CR than in LW (87.1 vs. 69.7 min/d and 15.8 vs. 8.4 min/meal; p<0.01). The ADFI and BT90 kg were higher (2.38 vs. 2.17 kg/d and 18.1 vs. 15.9 mm; p<0.05) and LC90 kg was lower (43.5 vs. 46.4%; p<0.01) in castrated males (CM) than in gilts (G) whereas ADG was not affected by sex (p = 0.12). The difference in lean content between CM and G was greater in CR than in LW. The ADFI and ADG were reduced during the hot season (2.18 vs.2.38 kg/d and 726 vs. 777 g/d, respectively; p<0.05) whereas feed conversion and carcass lean content were not affected by season (p>0.05). Average feeding time per meal and meal size decreased during the hot season (10.9 vs. 13.2 min/meal and 316 vs. 396 g/meal; p<0.01) whereas the rate of feed intake was not affected by season (p = 0.83). On average, 0.69 of total feed intake was consumed during the diurnal period. However, this partition of feed intake was significantly affected by breed, sex, and season. In conclusion, the breed, sex and season significantly affect performance and feeding pattern in growing pigs raised in a tropical climate. Moreover, the results obtained in the present study suggest that differences observed in BW composition between CR and LW are associated with difference in feeding behaviour, in particular, the short-term regulation of feed intake.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 1993

In Seoul area, there are so many kennel clubs, veterinary hospital, pet establishment and breeding confers that various problems have occurred. They are crowed pet houses, poor sanitation, stress to puppies, sudden environmental changes to puppies and unvaccination against parvovirus, canine distemper virus, parainfluenza virus, infectious hepatitis caused by Adenovirus type I and Leptospira. Several studies were made to survey the infectious agents involved in acute diarrhea of poppies in Seoul are, such as history taking, physical examination, complete blood count and serum chemistry, histopathological finding, bacterial isolation and identification, and hemagglutination test in feces and hemagglutination inhibition test in serum against parvovirus, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as followed. 1. The percent of PCV (30.5$\pm$5.6) and concentration of Total protein(5.0$\pm$0.8) resulted from statistical analysis are significantly lower than normal values (p<0.05), respectively. In addition, fibrinogen (505$\pm$326) was significantly higher an normal value (p<0.001), Band neutrophil (22.9$\pm$12.7) showed signifiant difference (P<0.01). decreased monocyte (3.2$\pm$2.1) and eosinophil (0.7$\pm$0.8) values appeared statistically significant (p<0.001), lymphocyte (16.7$\pm$9), as well. 2. The concentrations of calcium .(8.0$\pm$2.8), glucose (40.1$\pm$31.4), and albumin (2.0$\pm$0.39) were lower than normal values (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.001), respectively. Also Inorganic phosphate (7.1$\pm$2.4), pH (p<7.9f:0.2), and Blood Urea Nitrogen (40.41=37.1) were significantly higher than normal values (p<0.001, p(0.001, p<0.05), respectively. 3. Simple and mixed infections occupied 18% and 82% in the distribution of causes in puppies with acute diarrhea, respectively. 4. As puppies got older, incidence of acute diarrhea caused by Staphylococcus aureus was decreased to 13% and infection of canine distemper virus was increased to 53%, but E coli and canine parvovirus always showed high frequency of outbreak in the body weight ranged from 35g to 7.8Kg. 5. As showed in table 5, infections of E coli and Canine Parvovirus showed high outbreak regardless of the age which is classified into three stages, 35~50 day, 60 day and 75~day to 1 year, canine distemper virus appeared increased, but in case of Staphylococcus aureus, visa versa. 6. In comparison wi methods for the laboratory diagnosis diagnosis parvovirus, Hemagglutination test showed positive reaction in 25% and mean serum antibody titer measured by Hemagglutination inhibition test showed 2779 (n=20). In addition, positive reaction was 90% (18/20). 7. In histopathological studies, enteritic and pneumonic lesions were indicated in 53.7% and 39.5% of samples, respectively. 8. Etiologic diagnosis based on the history taking, clinical signs and histopathological findings in puppies with acute diarrhea and vomiting indicated that 50% of puppies were infected by canine parvovirus and distemper virus. 9. In the parasitological examination made by simple flotation with saturated zinc sulfate tour parasites found were Isospora canis, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma spp and Toxocara spp. Isospora canis and Toxocara canis were more frequently found among those parasites of diarrhoeic causes in puppies ranged from 35 days to 1 year. Their infestation rates were 15% and 13% respectively.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

Automated analysis software was developed to measure the magnitude of the intrafractional and interfractional errors during breast radiation treatments. Error analysis results are important for determining suitable planning target volumes (PTV) prior to Implementing breast-conserving 3-D conformal radiation treatment (CRT). The electrical portal imaging device (EPID) used for this study was a Portal Vision LC250 liquid-filled ionization detector (fast frame-averaging mode, 1.4 frames per second, 256X256 pixels). Twelve patients were imaged for a minimum of 7 treatment days. During each treatment day, an average of 8 to 9 images per field were acquired (dose rate of 400 MU/minute). We developed automated image analysis software to quantitatively analyze 2,931 images (encompassing 720 measurements). Standard deviations ($\sigma$) of intrafractional (breathing motion) and intefractional (setup uncertainty) errors were calculated. The PTV margin to include the clinical target volume (CTV) with 95% confidence level was calculated as $2\;(1.96\;{\sigma})$. To compensate for intra-fractional error (mainly due to breathing motion) the required PTV margin ranged from 2 mm to 4 mm. However, PTV margins compensating for intefractional error ranged from 7 mm to 31 mm. The total average error observed for 12 patients was 17 mm. The intefractional setup error ranged from 2 to 15 times larger than intrafractional errors associated with breathing motion. Prior to 3-D conformal radiation treatment or IMRT breast treatment, the magnitude of setup errors must be measured and properly incorporated into the PTV. To reduce large PTVs for breast IMRT or 3-D CRT, an image-guided system would be extremely valuable, if not required. EPID systems should incorporate automated analysis software as described in this report to process and take advantage of the large numbers of EPID images available for error analysis which will help Individual clinics arrive at an appropriate PTV for their practice. Such systems can also provide valuable patient monitoring information with minimal effort.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.289-289
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• 2009

당근은 우리나라에서 재배되고 있는 채소 중에서 대표적인 비타민 A의 급원으로서 매우 중요한 근채류이다. 최근 친환경농산물에 대한 관심과 요구가 급증하면서 소비자들은 고품질 당근을 선호하고 있으나 유기농 당근생산에 대한 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구는 관행 및 유기농 재배가 당근의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 공시품종은 '조춘5촌당근'(세미니스, A), '선홍봄5촌당근'(농우종묘, B), '홍심5촌당근'(대농종묘, C), '춘홍5촌당근'(사카타, D), '하파5촌당근'(신젠타종묘, E), '홍심5촌당근'(경신종묘, F)으로 전체 6개 품종이며, 경기도 평택시 유천동 대농종묘(주) 육종연구소 N2, N3 하우스에 9월 8일 파종하였고 재배방법은 유기농 및 관행재배표준법에 준하여 실시하였다. 관행과 유기농 재배 후 12월 3일에 수확하여 엽중, 근중, 근장, 근경, 코어, 추근성, 근피색과 가용성 당함량을 조사하였다. 근피색은 Colorimeter(Minolta, CR-400)를 이용하여 Hunter값인 L(밝기), a(녹색-적색), 그리고 b(파란색-노란색)로 표시하였다. 가용성 당함량 조사는 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. 엽중은 유기농 재배 F품종에서 26.0g으로 가장 무거웠고 전체적으로 유기농 재배구에 비해 관행 재배구에서 엽중이 무거웠다. 근장은 모든 품종에서 관행구에 비해 유기농 재배구에서 현저히 길게 나타나 재배 방법 간의 유의차를 보였으며 유기농 재배의 경우 근장이 17.9cm ~ 19.0cm 범위로 품종간 유의성은 없었다. 근중은 전체적으로 관행 재배구가 우수하거나 유기농 재배구와 비슷한 경향을 보였고, 특히 관행 재배구 B품종이 58.1g, A품종이 57.1g으로 가장 무겁게 나타나 재배방법 및 품종간 비교에서 우위를 나타냈다. 당근 뿌리의 명도를 나타내는 Hunter L값은 모든 품종에서 관행 재배구가 높게 나타났으며 특히 관행재배구의 최하위 L값(45.80)이 유기농 재배구의 최상위 L값(44.81)이 보다 높게 나타나 관행 재배를했을 경우 뿌리 광택이 더욱 우수함을 알 수 있었다. Hunter b값은 노란색을 나타내는데 B품종에서 유기농 재배구 19.68, 관행 재배구 19.55로 모든 품종 중에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. Fructose 함량은 D품종이 관행 재배구와 유기농 재배구에서 각각 $8.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW,\;8.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많게 나타났고, glucose 함량은 관행 재배구에서 D품종이 $41.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많았고 유기농 재배구에서도 역시 D품종이 $35.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많게 나타났다. Sucrose 함량은 모든 품종의 관행 재배구에서 현저하게 높게 나타났다. 가용성 당함량은 F품종만이 유기농 재배구에서 높게 나타났지만, 다른 5개 품종의 관행 재배구와 비교했을 때는 가장 적은 수치를 나타내 적절한 비배관리를 통한 관행 재배 방법이 가용성 당함량을 증가시킨 것으로 생각된다. 결론적으로 생육 및 품질은 관행재배에서 유기농 재배에 비해 우수하였고 근장은 유기농재배에서 길게 나타났고 가용성당람량 역시 관행재배에서 대체적으로 높게 나타났지만 품종에 따라 유기농재배에서도 높게 조사된 것도 있어 앞으로 유기농 재배에 적합한 당근 품종선발이 필요하다.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.141-153
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• 2012

Samples collected from six tomato farms(A, B, C : soil culture, D, E, F : Nutriculture) located in Gyeongsangnam-do were tested for the analyses of biological(sanitary indications, major foodborne pathogens, fungi), chemical(heavy metals, pesticides) and physical hazards. The highest levels of total bacteria(7.5 log CFU/g) and coliforms(5.0 log CFU/g) in soil culture farms were higher than those of nutriculture farms(total bacteria: 2.5 log CFU/mL, coliforms: 0.6 log CFU/mL). In crops and personal hygiene soil culture farms showed a slightly higher contamination levels. From all farms, the levels of fungi in soil farms were higher than those of nutrient solution. In case of major pathogens, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in all sample with the exception of nutrient solution. Meantime, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, E.coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected. For airborne bacteria, soilculture farms showed less contamination than nutriculture farms. A piece of glass and can was confirmed asphysical hazards. Heavy metal(Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Zn, Ni and As) and pesticide residues as chemical hazards were detected, but their levels were lower than the regulation limit. These results demonstrate that potential hazards on harvesting stage of tomato fam were exposed. Therefore, proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination, while physical and chemical hazards were in appropriate levels based on GAP criteria.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen fluoride is one of the 97 accident preparedness substances regulated by the Ministry of Environment (Republic of Korea) and chemical accidents should be managed centrally due to continual occurrence. Especially, hydrogen fluoride has a characteristic of rapid diffusion and very toxic when leaking into the environment. Therefore, it is important to predict the impact range quickly and to evaluate the residual contamination immediately to minimize the human and environmental damages. METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to estimate the accident impact range, the off-site consequence analysis (OCA) was performed to the worst and alternative scenarios. Also, in order to evaluate the residual contamination of hydrogen fluoride in crop, the samples in accident site were collected from 15-divided regions (East direction from accident sites based on the main wind direction), and the concentration was measured by fluoride ($F^-$) ion-selective electrode potentiometer (ISE). As a result of the OCA, the affected distance by the worst scenario was estimated to be >10 km from the accident site and the range by the alternative scenario was estimated to be about 1.9 km. The residual contamination of hydrogen fluoride was highest in the samples near the site of the accident (E-1, 276.82 mg/kg) and tended to decrease as it moved eastward. Meanwhile, the concentrations from SE and NE (4.96~28.98 mg/kg) tended to be lower than the samples near the accident site. As a result, the concentration of hydrogen fluoride was reduced to a low concentration within 2 km from the accident site (<5 mg/kg), and the actual damage range was estimated to be around 2.2 km. Therefore, it is suggested that the results are similar to those of alternative accident scenarios calculated by OCA (about 1.9 km). CONCLUSION: It is difficult to estimate the chemical accident-affecting range/region by the OCA evaluation, because it is not possible to input all physicochemical parameters. However simultaneous measurement of the residual contamination in the environment will be very helpful in determining the diffusion range of actual chemical accident.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 1979

The properties, land use and genesis of the Jang-weon series, Planosol-like soils, distributed in Cheong-do area were investigated. Planosol-like soils in Korea have been believed unsuitable for perennial crops but 34.6% (594ha) of the Jang-weon soils in Cheongdo-gun are used for perennial crops such as apples, persimmons, peaches, mulberry etc. With productivity more or less equal to alluvial soils. The reason for high productivity and a working hypothesis for the genesis of the fragipan is suggested with discussion.