• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.124-133
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• 2009

The study was performed to investigate the community structure of macrobenthic fauna during June 2005, in Hallyeohaesang National Park from Korea Strait. A total of 284 macrobenthic fauna were collected. The overall average macrobenthic density and biomass were 2,002 individuals m$^{-2}$ and 154.92 gWWt m$^{-2}$, respectively. Based on the Lebris (1988) index, there were 20 species accounting for approximately 47.64% of total individuals. And the highest densities were found in the polychaetes Scoletoma longifolia, Isolda pulchella, Mediomastus californiensis, Minuspio multibranchia, Tharyx sp. 1 and the bivalve Theora fragilis. On the other hand, the top twenty species made up 70.47% of the total biomass while the three most abundant, the echinoderms Schizaster lacunosus, Amphiura vadicola and the bivalve Fulvia mutica. The conventional multivariate statistics (cluster analysis and non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling) applied to assess spatial variation in macrobenthic assemblages. As a result of cluster analysis and nMDS ordination, this study area was divided into two different groups of stations and species. In case of station, there are two groups: one is a mud dominated station group and the other is dead shell and sand dominated group. And the 2 faunistic groups were established as follows: 1) a group of relatively higher abundances in mud dominated sediment. There were numerically dominated by the polychaetes Magelona japonica, Sternaspis scutata, Paraprionospio pinnata, Tharyx sp. 1 and the amphipods Monocorophium sinense and Eriopisella sechellensis. 2) a group of relatively higher densities dead shell and sand dominated sediment. These groups were characterized by the polychaetes I. pulchella, M. multibranchiata, the amphipods M. acherusicum, Gammaropsis japonicus and the echinoderm A. vadicola.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.4
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• pp.397-409
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• 1987

This study was executed to analyze the user's impact on vegetation structure changes and user's psychology in Odongdo Island of Hallyo-Haesang National Park. Five sites were sampled for vegetation structure changes vi the study area according to the extent of impact observed. Also user's psychology was studied through questionnaire with the visitors and 366 answers were collected at random sampling in May, 1986. Evergreen broad-leaved forest, i.e. Machilus thunbergii, Cinnamomum camphora, and Camellia japonica forest, took possession of 32.5% (3.91ha) of total forest area when condisering the actual vegetation. Camellia japonica community covered 40.0% (4.72ha) and Sasa coreana community took possession of 41.8% (5.02ha). The area of environmental impact grade 3 and 4 area covered 44.3% of total forest area and it should be restored because self-repair seemed to be impossible. The evergreen broad-leaved forest was destoryed seriously with no younger trees in middle and lower layers by overuse impact and would be bared soon. So the preservation of autochthonous flora is required by the control of the number of users. It was shown that most of visitors come on holidays and Sunday and places which were favorably impressed were shown as the area of showing the sea and Camellia forest. Overall levels of satisfaction was comparatively low, consequently 55% of visitors were satisfied. This level of satisfaction was associated with number of users, landscape of forest and number of facilities.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.227-242
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• 2000

Site characteristics, vegetation structure and dynamics of Kalopanax septemlobus forests in Mt. Heungjeong, Mt. Balwang and Mt. Gariwang were studied to provide the information need for national resources conservation and restoration of K. septemlobus forest in Gangwon-do of Korea. The K. septemlobus forests were distributed at 780m to 1,300m in altitude, steep slope, ridges-slope areas with facing northeast to northwest in good nutrition area. The annual diameter growth of those trees ranged 1.60mm to 2.41mm. Forty-three plots(20$\times$20m) were set up at three natural population of Kalopanax septemlobus forest and TWINSPAN method was used for vegetation structure analysis. The result of TWINSPAN ordination show that geographical features played a role in determining community types in the study areas. Community type of the study areas classified into three groups by TWINSPAN; K. septemlobus-Quercux mongolica- Acer mono community(Mt. Balwang), K. septemlobus-Q. mongolica- Tilia amurensis community(Mt. Heungjeong), K. septemlobus-Betula costata-Q. mongolica community(Mt. Gariwang). In most of the K. septemlobus forests, major woody species appeared predominantly were Q. mongolica, T. amurensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba, A. mono, Magnolia sieboldii, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. And also, Those species were surveyed in all the areas. Species diversity(H') of investigated areas ranged 0.3124~0.13992 and this value relatively higher than that of other forests with similar site. The range of similarity indices between surveyed areas was 64.1~64.54%. The distribution pattern of Morista's index show that Kalopanax septemlobus distributed randomly in tree and concentrated a few sample plots in subtree layer and shurb layer. K. septemlobus occupied 37.1~58.8% of tree layer story, 8.4~17.6% of subtree layer, 0~0.38% of shurb layer each surveyed area. The association analysis showed that Kalopanax septemlobus positively associated with Betula ermani, Deutzia glabrata, Carpinus cordata, Fraxinus mandshurica and negatively associated with Symplocos chinensis var. pilosa, Styrax obassia, Acer mono, Euonymus macroptera, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. According to the diameter distribution of Kalopanax septemlobus community, the community of Mt. Gariwang will gradually decline and replaced by Quercus community. The communities of Mt. Heungjeong and Mt. Balwang has its seedlings and saplings, so it may be sustained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.853-865
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• 2022

In this study, from August to October 2019, we conducted a survey of the spatial distribution and dominant species of macrobenthos on the rocky intertidal zones of 38 specified islands distributed along the southern coast of Korea. On the basis of observation made using 50 × 50 cm quadrats, we identified a total of 80 species, among which, Mollusca were the most abundant fauna, with 54 species that accounted for 67.4% of the total, followed by Crustacea with 15 species (18.7%). The recorded numbers of Cnidaria, Porifera, and Echinodermata species ranged from 1 to 6. In terms of the regional patterns of species richness, specified islands in Yeosu were found to be the most species rich, supporting 61 species, whereas islands in Hadong, Namhae, and Chujado were found to have a similar level of species richness, ranging from 42 to 46 species. Islands in Boseong and Goheung were home to the fewest species, with only 29 species being recorded. At the sampling station scale, we noted a considerable difference in faunal richness, ranging from 6 (St. 6) to 33 (St. 20) species. Among the recorded species, Echinolittorina radiata was identified as the dominant species on 15 specified islands, with the next most abundant species being Tetraclita japonica, considered an indicator species of climate change, which was recorded on 11 islands. In terms of frequency, E. radiata, found on 36 islands, was identified as the most frequently occurring species, followed by Reishia clavigera (30 islands), Mytilisepta virgata (29), Nerita japonica (28), Ligia. exotica (27), and Littorina brevicula (26). Of the 80 species identified, 9, 4, and 2 species of Mollusca, Crustacea, and Cnidaria, respectively, are classified as Marine fauna of accepted foreign export, whereas 50 are Red List species, 44 are species of Least Concern, 3 are Data Deficient species, and 1 species was not evaluated. However, during the survey, we found no Near Threatened or Not Applicable species. On the basis of the findings of this survey, it would appear that the abundance and richness of macrobenthic fauna inhabiting the rocky intertidal zones of specified islands along the southern coast of Korea differ according to different habitat conditions, particularly with respect to the duration of exposure and the extent and properties of the substrata. The findings of this study will provide baseline data for future monitoring and management of specified islands in Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.21-25
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• 1979

To evaluate the possibility of hardening of rice seedlings to chilling injury by low temperature conditioning for improvement of nursery temperature management a chilling sensitive new variety Tongil from Indica \times Japonica cross and a chilling tolerant Japonica variety Jinheung were reared by the 3rd leaf-stage in a day $30^{\circ}C/night\; 20^{\circ}C$ growth chamber, and were subjected to temperature conditioning for hardening against chilling injury for 6 days. Then the seedlings conditioned and unconditioned were chilled in a day and night $8^{\circ}C$ chamber for 2, 4, 6, or 8 days long and returned to the day and night $30^{\circ}C/night\; 20^{\circ}C$ condition for development of chilling injuries. Survival rate after chilling injury development of the variety Tongil showed distinct effect of hardening, i. e. the unhardened-25 % survival, the hardened by a gradual drop of temperature regime $(30^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C\rightarrow24^{\circ}C/14^{\circ}C\rightarrow18^{\circ}C/12^{\circ}C\rightarrow8^{\circ}C)4 -59% survival and the hardened. by repeated brief exposure (4hrs. to 6hrs.) to $8^{\circ}C$ shock-89% survival against chilling of $8^{\circ}C$ for 4 days long. The variety Jinheung survived even against 8 days chilling at $8^{\circ}C$ C, but the discoloration rate of leaves due to chilling showed noticeably the hardening effect as repeated shock was much better than the gradually lowering temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2015

High temperature stress would affect rice production in the future as heat wave is expected to occur frequently under climate change conditions. The objective of this study was to obtain rudimentary information to assess the impact of heat stress on rice yield and its yield component in Korea. Two rice cultivars "Hwaseongbyeo" (Japonica) and "Dasanbyeo" (Tongil-type) were grown at different nitrogen fertilization levels in two seasons. These cultivars were grown in 1/5000a Wagner pot placed within four plastic houses where temperature was controlled at ambient, ambient$+1.5^{\circ}C$, ambient$+3^{\circ}C$ and ambient$+5^{\circ}C$ throughout the rice growing season in Suwon ($37^{\circ}16^{\prime}N$, $128^{\circ}59^{\prime}E$), Korea. The degree of temperature change affected grain yield whereas the level of nitrogen had little impact on grain yield. The number of panicle per pot and spikelet per panicle were not significantly different among temperature treatments in both cultivars tested. In contrast, 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio were decreased significantly under the treatments raising the air temperature to the level of $5.0^{\circ}C$ and $1.5^{\circ}C$ above the ambient air temperature in Dasanbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo, respectively. Reduction of 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio under the temperature treatments of $3.0^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$ above the ambient air temperature resulted in significantly less grain yield for Dasanbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo, respectively. The greater sensitivity of grain yield to temperature increase in Dasanbyeo was attributable to the sharp decrease of 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio with the temperature rise above $23^{\circ}C$ during ripening period. On the other hand, Hwaseongbyeo had little variation of them in the temperature range of $23-27^{\circ}C$. These results suggested that grain yield would decrease under future climate conditions due to grain weight decreased by shorter grain filling period as well as the ripened grain ratio reduced by spikelet sterility and early abortion of rice kernel development. Thus, it would be essential to use cultivars tolerant to heat stress for climate change adaptation, which merits further studies for developing varieties that have traits to avoid spikelet sterility and early abortion of rice kernel, e.g., early morning flowering, under heat wave.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.805-813
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• 2005

In our previous study, a novel herb mixture (HIM-I) of Angelim gigas radix, Cnidium officinale rhizoma, and Paeonia japonica radix was developed to protect the intestinal and immune systems and promote its recovery against radiation damage. In this study, a new herbal preparation (HemoHIM) with the high immune modulating activity was developed from HIM-I. HIM-I was fractionated into ethanol fraction (HIM-I-E) and polysaccharide fraction (HIM-I-P). And HemoHIM was prepared by adding HIM-I-P to HIM-I. The protective activities against $\gamma$ -irradiation were compared among HemoHIM, HIM-I and the fractions. HemoHIM and HIM-I significantly decreased the radiation-induced DNA damage in vitro, and scavenged hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner. HemoHIM showed similar activity to HIM-I. In vitro proliferation assay with mouse lymphocytes and bone marrow cells showed that HIM-I-P was remarkably higher than HIM-I and HIM-I-E in cell proliferating activity. HemoHIM showed higher activity than HIM-I and this might be associated with the higher polysaccharide content. The in vivo protective effects of HemoHIM and HIM-I were investigated in $\gamma$-irradiated mice. HemoHIM increased the surviving intestinal crypts to a similar extent compared with HIM-I. In contrast, HemoHIM appeared to be more effective than HIM-I in endogenous spleen colony formation assay. The recovery of white blood cells and lymphocytes in irradiated mice were significantly enhanced by the administration of HemoHIM. Also HemoHIM administration prolonged the survival of irradiated mice. These results showed that the novel herbal preparation, HemoHIM, effectively protected the self-renewal tissues and immune system, and promoted the survival of irradiated mice. Moreover, in comparison with HIM-I, HemoHIM maintained similar activity in the reduction of oxidative damage of self-renewal tissue but exhibited the higher activity in protection and proliferation of immune and hematopoietic cells. These results suggested that HemoHIM might be more effective than HIM-I in immune modulation as well as radioprotection.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.528-553
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• 2020

Upland fields are characterized by dry environments, a high degree of disturbance by farming practices such as double-cropping, and a high diversity of crops compared to other field types. This study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of upland fields in South Korea. Flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (June and August) in 2015. The results showed that the vascular plants in the upland fields in South Korea included 532 taxa, containing 100 families, 322 genera, 483 species, nine subspecies, 37 varieties, one form, and two hybrids. Among the 100 families, Asteraceae was the most diverse in species (75 taxa), followed by Poaceae (68 taxa), Fabaceae (34 taxa), Polygonaceae (21 taxa), Rosaceae (19 taxa), and Liliaceae (17 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Acalypha australis L. (100%), and Artemisia indica Willd. (100%) were the highest, followed by Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Lactuca indica L., Commelina communis L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P.Beauv., Cyperus microiria Steud., and Oxalis corniculata L. The biological type of upland fields in South Korea was determined to be Th-R₅-D₄-e type. Rare plants were found in 11 taxa: Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc, Magnolia kobus DC, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Aristolochina contorta Bunge, Buxus sinica (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) M.Cheng var. koreana (Nakai ex Rehder) Q.L.Wang, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim, Mitrasacme indica Wight, Lithospermum arvense L., Carpesium rosulatum Miq., Allium senescens L., and Pseudoraphis sordida (Thwaites) S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen. Ninety-seven taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 24 families, 68 genera, 97 species, one variety, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 30.5% and 18.4%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 1993

This study was investigated on the morphological characteristics of rice grain as affected by three fertilizer application treatments. Of no-nitrogen, optimum nitrogen, and heavy nitrogen without potassium in three regions of Suweon (Mid-West Plain Zone), Ichon(Mid-Inland Plain Zone), and Kyehwado(South-charyung Mts. Plain Zone) with four varieties, i.e., three Tonsil types(Geumgangbyeo, Milyang 23, and Chilseongbyeo) and one japonica type(Chucheongbyeo, Akibare in Japanese name). The results obtained were as follows: The increase of nitrogen application caused an increase of grain length in rough rice and grain width in milled rice, resulting in a decrease of the width/thickness ratio in milled rice. The width and thickness of rice grain produced in Kyehwado were smaller than those in the other regions. Therefore, the ratio of length/width and length/thickness in rice grain produced in Kyehwado was larger. The one thousand grain weight of rice was heavier at the optimum nitrogen level than at the no-nitrogen and heavy nitrogen without potassium treatment levels. The weight percentage of hull in rough rice grain decreased in accordance with the increase of nitrogen application, while the weight percentage of bran in brown rice was constant. This suggested that for the normal development of rice grain a constant ratio of bran is needed. The morphological change of rice grain by fertilizer treatments and the change of region cultivated could not be distinguished from the native characteristics of the variety. Other grain characteristics were discussed in view of treatment and regional effects.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Remote sensing using multispectral radiometry may be a useful tool to detect drought stress in turf. The objective of this research was to investigate the correlation between drought stress and multispectral reflectance (MSR) from the turf canopy. St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum[Walt.] Kuntze.) cultivars 'Floratam' and 'Palmetto', 'SeaIsle 1' seashore paspalum Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.), 'Empire' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and 'Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatumFlugge) were established in lysimeters in the University of Florida Envirotron greenhouse facility in Gainesville. Irrigation was applied at 100%, 80%, 60%, or 40% of evapotranspiration (ET). Weekly evaluations included: a) shoot quality, leaf rolling, leaf firing b) soil moisture, chlorophyll content index; c) photosynthesis and d) multispectral reflectance. All the measurements were correlated with MSR data. Drought stress affected the infrared spectral region more than the visible spectral region. Reflectance sensitivity to water content of leaves was higher in the infrared spectral region than in the visible spectral region. Grasses irrigated at 100% and 80% of ET had no differences in normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and stress indices. Grasses irrigated at 60% and 40% of ET had differences in NDVI, LAI, and stress indices. All measured wavelengths except 710nm were highly correlated (P < 0.0001) with turf visual quality, leaf firing, leaf rolling, soil moisture, chlorophyll content index, and photosynthesis. MSR could detect drought stress from the turf canopy.