• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.2708-2712
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• 2010

아민(암모니아 또는 MPA)은 가압경수로 원전 2차측 부식을 방지하는 최적 pH를 유지하기 위해 사용되고, 온도가 동일하게 유지되지 않는 물-증기 순환 영역에서 모든 아민은 평형상수에 따라 2차측에서 서로 다른 pH를 나타낸다. 부식제어에서 pH는 유일한 인자가 아니므로 두 번째 변수, 즉 불순물의 유입 또는 부식 반응으로 인해 $H^+$가 추가되거나 제거되었을 때 안정된 pH를 지속하는 능력인 완충세기의 고려가 필요하다. 온도를 고려한 완충세기는 2차측 최적 pH 제어제 선정과 유체가속부식의 특징을 기본적으로 이해할 수 있도록 한다. PWRs의 전체 운전범위에서 암모니아와 MPA의 완충세기를 조사하였다. 낮은 온도$(25{\sim}100^{\circ}C)$에서는 암모니아 그리고 높은 온도$(150{\sim}250^{\circ}C)$에서는 MPA가 부식 억제를 위한 충분한 완충세기를 나타내었다. 완충세기 측면에서, i) 최적 pH 제어제 pH 범위는 pH(T)- $1{\leq}pK_a(T){\leq}pH(T)$+0.5, ii) 아민 용액은 부식 억제를 위해 충분한 완충세기$({\beta})$를 가져야하고, iii) 최대 유체가속부식은 ${\beta}_B/{\beta}$ 비율이 최저인 온도에서 최대를 나타낸다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.111.1-111.1
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• 2010

This paper focuses on a systematic configuration of steam reforming fuel processor, particularly designed for small and medium sized hydrogen production application. In a typical integration of the fuel processor, there exist significant temperature gradients over the entire system which has negative effect on both catalyst life-time and system performance. Also, the volumetric inefficiency should be avoided to obtain the possible compactness for the commercial purpose. In the present work, the computational analysis will be performed to gain the fundamental insight on the transport phenomena and chemical reactions in the reformer consisting of preheating, steam reforming (SR), and water gas shift (WGS) reaction beds in the flow direction. Also, the fuel processing system includes a top-fired burner providing necessary thermal energy for endothermic catalytic reactor. A fully two-dimensional numerical modeling for a integrated fuel processing system is introduced for in-depth analysis of the heat and mass transport phenomena based on surface kinetics and catalytic process. In the model, water gas shift reaction and decomposition reaction were assumed to be at equilibrium. A kinetic model was developed and then computational results were compared with the experimental data available in the literature. Finally, the case study was done by considering the key parameters, i.e. steam to carbon (S/C) ratio and temperature. The computer-aided models developed in this study can be greatly utilized for the design of advanced fast-paced compact fuel processors research.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1989

부분 캐비티가 발생한 2차원 수중익 문제를 해결하기 위하여 포텐시얼을 기저로 한 양력판 이론이 정식화 되었다. 본 이론은 수중익 표면에 다이폴과 쏘오스를 분포함으로써 각각 양력 및 캐비티 문제를 표현하고 있다. 날개표면의 접수부에서의 운동학적 경계조건은 날개의 내부유동에서의 전체 포텐시얼이 영이 된다는 대등한 조건으로 만족되었다. 캐비티 표면에서의 역학적 경계조건은 압력이 일정하다는 즉 속도가 일정하다는 조건을 거쳐 포텐시얼이 선형적으로 변한다는 조건으로 대치되었으며, 운동학적 조건은 특이함수의 세기가 결정된 후에 적분에 의하여 캐비티의 형상을 구하는데에 사용되었다. 따라서 Green 정리를 사용하면, 속도를 기저로 하는 통상적인 정식화가 아닌, 포텐시얼을 기저로 한 경계치 문제가 완성된다. 또한 수중익의 정확한 표면에 특이함수를 분포함으로써, 날개두께가 영인 수중익 신경 이론에 비하여, 날개표면에서의 압력분포의 정도를(특히 날개 앞날부근에서) 향상시켰다. 본 이론에서는 캐비티 길이를 가정하고 이에 대응하는 캐비티의 모양과 캐비테이션수를 계산하였다. 계산정도의 향상을 위하여 약 5회정도의 반복계산이 필요하지만 공학적 목적을 위해서는 2회의 반복계산이 충분함을 보였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제7권1_4호
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• pp.38-50
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• 1977

A study on the mechanism of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol has been performed in the dog. 1) Chloramphenicol administered intravenously to dogs with ligated renal pedicle, readily appeared in bile greater than in plasma. 6.9% of a 50mg /kg i. v. dose of chloramphenicol were excreted into bile within 100 minutes. During the same periods of above experiment, the bile/plasma concentration ratios(B/P ratios) were 46 to 87. 2) Chloramphenicol injected into the vein of dog was rapidly excreted into urine. 18% of the administered dose were excreted into urine within 70 minutes. In the same periods of this experiment, Ccm/Ccr ratios were greater than 1.0 in most cases. 3) In experiment of simultaneous measurement of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol, Ccm/Ccr ratios were less than 1.0 and B/P ratios were 50 to 52. 4) In experiment measured simultaneously biliary and urinary excretion both Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$(hepatic clearance) were significantly declined by probenecid, but not affected by 2,4-DNP and aminophylline although 2,4-DNP increased only bile flow and aminophylline both bile and urine volume. 5) Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$ were increased in proportion to increment of plasma concentration ranging from 3.3 to 30 mg% of chloramphenicol. But when plasma concentration were increased to 70mg %, Ccm/Ccr were not increased and $C_Hcm$ were reduced about 30% in comparison with values obtajned at 30mg% of chloramphenicol. 6) Free/Bound(free to bouid from) ratios ranging from 1.0 to 90.0mg% of chloramphenicol were 76.2+3.72% $(mean{\pm}S.E.)$ Above results suggest that chloramphenicol is excreted into bile by a process of active trasport, that excretion of chloramphenicol into urine was made up with dual process, reabsorption and secretion, and that renal secretion was attained by active trasport process although renal reabsorption process could not understand.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2016

Background: Direct impact of inorganic carbon (i.e., carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)) on the periphyton community is important to understand how and to what extent atmospheric conditions can affect the structure and dynamics of these communities in lotic systems. We investigated the influence of elevated $CO_2$ concentration on the periphyton community in the artificially constructed channels during the winter period. The channels made of acrylic paneling were continuously supplied with surface water discharged from a small reservoir, which was supported with ground water, at a flow rate of 5 L/min, and water temperature ranging $4-5^{\circ}C$. The effects of elevated $CO_2$ concentrations (790 ppm) were evaluated in comparison with the control (395 ppm $CO_2$) by analyzing pH, water carbon content and nutrients in water, periphyton composition and biomass, chlorophyll-a, ash-free dry-matter at 2-day intervals for 10 days. Results: After the addition of $CO_2$, significant decreases of pH, $NH_3-N$, and $PO_4-P$ (p < 0.05) and increases of chlorophyll-a, ash-free dry-matter, and the cell density of periphyton (p < 0.01) were observed, whereas the species composition of periphyton and water carbon content did not change. Conclusions: These results suggest that elevated $CO_2$ in flowing water system with low temperature could facilitate the growth of periphyton resulting in biomass increase, which could further influence water quality and the consumers throughout the food web.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.784-795
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• 2016

In this paper, we investigate the resource allocation problem in time-varying heterogeneous wireless networks (HetNet) with multi-homing user equipments (UE). The stochastic optimization model is employed to maximize the network utility, which is defined as the difference between the HetNet's throughput and the total energy consumption cost. In harmony with the hierarchical architecture of HetNet, the problem of stochastic optimization of resource allocation is decomposed into two subproblems by the Lyapunov optimization theory, associated with the flow control in transport layer and the power allocation in physical (PHY) layer, respectively. For avoiding the signaling overhead, outdated dynamic information, and scalability issues, the distributed resource allocation method is developed for solving the two subproblems based on the primal-dual decomposition theory. After that, the adaptive resource allocation algorithm is developed to accommodate the timevarying wireless network only according to the current network state information, i.e. the queue state information (QSI) at radio access networks (RAN) and the channel state information (CSI) of RANs-UE links. The tradeoff between network utility and delay is derived, where the increase of delay is approximately linear in V and the increase of network utility is at the speed of 1/V with a control parameter V. Extensive simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2005년도 추계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.229-234
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• 2005

Following the recent trend in the automotive manufacturing technologies, the product design subject to the die casting becomes more and more complex. The requirement of the die design becomes more demanding than ever before. In some cases the product's shape can have multiple slender manifolds. In such cases, design of the inlet and outlet parts of the die is very important in the whole manufacturing process. The main issues required for the qualified products are to attain gentle and uniform flow of the molten liquid within the passages of the die. To satisfy such issues, the inlet cylinder ('bed cylinder' in this paper) must be as large as possible and simultaneously the outlet opening at the end of each passage must be as small as possible. However these in turn obviously bring additional manufacturing costs caused by re-melting of the bed cylinder and increased power due to the small outlet-openings. The purpose of this paper is to develop effective simulation methods of calculation for fluid flows in multiple columns, which mimic the actual complex design, and to get some useful information which can give some contributions to the die-casting industry. We have used a commercial code CFX in the numerical simulation. The primary parameter involved is the size of the air-vent. We will show how the very small opening of the outlet, i.e. the air-vent, can be treated with the aid of the porous model provided in the code. To check the validity of the numerical results we have also conducted a simple experiment by using water.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2000

연료전지는 일정하게 유지되는 전극-전해질계의 공정에 의해 연료와 산화제의 화학에너지를 전기에너지로 끊임없이 전환시킬 수 있는 전기화학장치이다. 인산형 연료전지는 전해질로 진한 인산염을 사용한다. 연료전지 시스템에서 가장 중요한 부분인 스택은 연료의 산화가 일어나는 anode, 산화물의 환원이 일어나는 cathode, 그리고 anode와 cathode를 분리시키고 이온을 전도시키는 전해질로 이루어져 있다. 연료전지의 성능은 시스템의 환경에 따른 작동 및 디자인 변수들에 의해 좌우된다. 따라서 연료전지의 핵심부분이라 할 수 있는 스택의 성능향상을 위하여 전산유체역학 코드를 이용한 스택에 대한 3차원적 모델링 및 전기화학반응이 포함된 모사를 수행하였다. 이로부터 산화제의 유량변화에 따른 스택 내부에서의 연료, 산화제 및 생성물의 농도, 그리고 반응에 의해 생성된 열의 전달에 의한 스택의 온도 분포 및 변화를 전산유체 코드인 FLUENT를 이용하여 계산하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.477-501
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• 2016

Though hilly topography influences both wind speeds and directions aloft, only the influence on wind speeds, i.e. the speed-up effect, has been thoroughly investigated. Due to the importance of a model showing the spatial variations of wind directions above hilly terrains, it is worthwhile to systematically assess the applicability and limitations of the model describing the influence of hilly topographies on wind directions. Based on wind-tunnel test results, a model, which describes the horizontal and vertical variations of the wind directions separately, has been proposed in a companion paper. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) techniques were employed in the present paper to evaluate the applicability of the proposed model. From the investigation, it has been found that the model is acceptable for describing the vertical variation of wind directions by a shallow hill whose primary-to-secondary axis ratio (aspect ratio) is larger than 1. When the overall hill slope exceeds $20^{\circ}$, the proposed model should be used with caution. When the aspect ratio is less than 1, the proposed model is less accurate in predicting the spatial variation of wind directions in the wake zone in a separated flow. In addition, it has been found that local slope of a hill has significant impact on the applicability of the proposed model. Specifically, the proposed model is only applicable when local slope of a hill varies gradually from 0 (at the hill foot) to the maximum value (at the mid-slope point) and then to 0 (at the hill top).

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 1989

생쥐 하이브리도마 세포를 주사한 생쥐의 복수로부터 대장암에 대한 단세포군 항체 IgM을 분리 정제해 내기 위하여 히드록실 아파타이트 크로마토그라피와 겔 여과 크로마토그라피를 연속적으로 사용하는 2단계 분리 정제 시스템을 개발하였다. 히드록실 아파타이트 크로마토그라피 단계에서는 단백질 밴드의 희석현상을 탈착제인 인산 나트륨 완충액의 농도구배와 유속을 제어함에 의하여 줄일 수 있었는 바 이들 변수들의 최적치는 5.92$\times$$10^{-3}$M/cm및 0.2$m\ell/\textrm{cm}^2$/min으로 각각 나타났다. 겔 여과 크로마토그라피를 제 2단계로 사용함으로 써 SDS-PAGE 밴드들의 은착색으로 판단된 바 99.99% 이상의 순도를 갖는 단세포군 항체 단백질을 분리 정제해 낼 수 있었다.