• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.857-866
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• 2013

This paper is concerned with the material properties of functional high explosive(FHX) simulant at various strain rates ranging from $10^{-4}/sec$ to $10^1/sec$. Material properties of FHX at high strain rates are important in prediction of deformation modes of FHX in a warhead which undergoes dynamic loading. Inert FHX stimulant which has analogous mechanical properties with FHX was utilized for material tests due to safety issues. Uniaxial tensile tests at quasi-static strain rates ranging from $10^{-4}/sec$ to $10^{-2}/sec$ and intermediate strain rates ranging from $10^{-1}/sec$ to $10^1/sec$ were conducted with JANNAF specimen using a tensile testing machine, INTRON 5583, and developed high speed material testing machine, respectively. Uniaxial compressive tests at quasi-static strain rates and intermediate strain rates were conducted with cylindrical specimen using a dynamic materials testing machine, INSTRON 8801. And cyclic compressive loading tests were performed with various strain rates and strains. Deformation behaviors were investigated using captured images obtained from a high-speed camera.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 1986

Considering the effects of confining pressure, initial shear stress, cyclic stress ratio and number of loading cycles, cyclic triaxial tests are carried out to clarify the soil dynamic properties such as shear modulus and value of material damping of clay under undrained cyclic loading conditions. The results show that no obvious dependency on initial shear stress and effective confining stress are recognized in the shear modulus and damping ratio plotted versus strain. However, the shear modulus decreases and the damping ratio increases with increasing axial strain. When compared with others, it is also revealed that the shear moduli are distributed within the range curves obtained using empirical equations derived by Marcuson et al. (3) and Kokusho et al. (4), and damping ratios are distributed between the curves obtained by Kokusho et al. (4) and Ishihara et al. (9).

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1297-1302
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• 2007

It is very important to evaluate the reliable deformational characteristics of soils not only in the analysis of geotechnical structures under working stress conditions as foundation in railroad or road system but also for the soil dynamic problems. Different testing techniques are likely to have different testing conditions as strain amplitude, stress level, loading frequency and number of loading cycles. The deformational characteristics of soils can be affected by these variables. In this paper, the effects on modulus of soils subjected to cyclic load were investigated. For the evaluation of deformational characteristics of soils subjected cyclic load, various testing such as TS, RC, TX, and FFRC tests were performed. It was shown that the modulus evaluated by various testing methods are comparable to each other fairly well when the effects of these factors were properly taken into account. For reliable evaluation, therefore, those effects on the modulus need to be considered, and measured values should be effectively adjusted to actual conditions where the soil is working.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1001-1024
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• 2014

The size of spread footings was found to be unnecessarily large from some actual engineering practices constructed in Taiwan, due to the strict design provisions related to footing uplift. According to the earlier design code in Taiwan, the footing uplift involving separation of footing from subsoil was permitted to be only up to one-half of the foundation base area, as the applied moment reaches the value of plastic moment capacity of the column. The reason for this provision was that rocking of spread footings was not a favorable mechanism. However, recent research has indicated that rocking itself may not be detrimental to seismic performance and, in fact, may act as a form of seismic isolation mechanism. In order to clarify the effects of the relative strength between column and foundation on the rocking behavior of a column, six circular reinforced concrete (RC) columns were designed and constructed and a series of rocking experiments were performed. During the tests, columns rested on a rubber pad to allow rocking to take place. Experimental variables included the dimensions of the footings, the strength and ductility capacity of the columns and the intensity of the applied earthquake. Experimental data for the six circular RC columns subjected to quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic loading are presented. Results of each cyclic loading test are compared against the benchmark test with fixed-base conditions. By comparing the experimental responses of the specimens with different design details, a key parameter of rocking behavior related to footing size and column strength is identified. For a properly designed column with the parameter higher than 1, the beneficial effects of rocking in reducing ductility and the strength demand of columns is verified.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.33-42
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• 1991

Increasing demand of rational analysis of dynamic soil behavior subjected to repetitive loading has evolved soil dynamics which is essential for proper design and/or analysis of dynamically loaded soil structure. In this paper, the stress-strain behavior of weathered granite soil under cyclic loading is stud- ied by measuring the strength and the strain before and after application of at least 11, 000 cycles of repetitive load. Relationships are suggested for predicting results of soil dynamics from those of soil statics.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 1997

The behavior of rocks and microcrack development due to fatigue stresses are investigated using cyclic loading tests and ultrasonic velocity measurements. Twenty six medium-grained granite samples from the Pochon area are selected for measurements. Ultrasonic velocities are measured for samples before fatigue test to characterize the pre-existing microcracks. Then, thirteen different cycles of loadings with 70% and 80% dynamic strength are applied to the samples. The ultrasonic velocities are measured again to compare velocities after applications of fatigue stress with those before applications of fatigue stress. The results show that most microcracks are developed along the direction parallel to the axis of loading and that the amount of microcracks increases, as loading levels and numbers of cycle increase.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 2022

In this study, a series of cyclic loading tests were performed on viscoelastic dampers (VED) composed of viscoelastic polymer composite material and thin steel plates to observe the variation of the mechanical properties under different loading conditions. A mathematical model was developed based on the Kelvin-Voigt and Bouc-Wen models to formulate the nonlinear force-displacement relationship of the viscoelastic damper. The accuracy of the proposed mathematical model was verified using the data obtained from the tests. The mathematical model was applied to analyze a reinforced concrete framed structure retrofitted with viscoelastic dampers. Nonlinear dynamic analysis results showed that the average maximum inter-story drift ratios of the retrofitted structure met the target limit state after installing the VED. In addition, both the maximum and residual displacements were significantly reduced after the installation of the VED.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.143-155
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• 2024

Traffic-induced cyclic loading leads to the rotation of principal stresses within pavement foundations, challenging accurate simulation with conventional triaxial testing equipment. To investigate the deformation characteristics of fiber-reinforced soil under traffic loads and to develop a fractional-order model to describe these deformations. A series of hollow cylinder torsional shear tests were conducted using the GDS-SSHCA apparatus. The effects of fiber content, load frequency, cyclic deviatoric stress amplitude, and cyclic shear stress amplitude on soil deformation were analyzed. The results revealed that fiber content up to 3% enhances soil resistance to deformation, while higher fiber content reduces it. Axial cumulative plastic deformation decreases with higher load frequencies and increases with higher cyclic stresses. The study also found that principal stress rotation exacerbates soil deformation. A fractional integral model based on the Riemann-Liouville operator was developed to describe the axial cumulative plastic strain, with its validity confirmed by supplementary tests. This model provides a scientific basis for understanding foundation deformation under traffic loading and contributes to the development of dynamic constitutive soil models.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.6 no.1 s.20
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• pp.39-48
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• 2006

A laboratory investigation was performed to estimate the moduli values of asphalt concrete mixture due to various sinusoidal loadings in compression and tension. Total five modes of loading were used under five testing temperatures of 32, 50, 68, 86, and $104^{\circ}F$ (0, 10, 20, 30, and $40^{\circ}C$); repeated compressive haversine loading with rest period, repeated tensile haversine loading with rest period, cyclic compressive loading, cyclic tensile loading, and alternate tensile-compressive loadings. The test results showed that, due to the repeated haversine loading with rest period, asphalt concrete demonstrated similar moduli in tension and compression at low temperatures,(0 and $10^{\circ}C$) while those moduli were different at high temperatures (20, 30, and $40^{\circ}C$). At high temperatures the compressive moduli were always higher than the tensile moduli. The uniaxial tensile moduli were higher than indirect tensile moduli at low temperatures. However, those moduli were similar at high temperatures. In uniaxial cyclic tension, compression, and alternate tension-compression tests, compressive moduli were higher than tensile and alternate tensile-compressive moduli throughout the temperatures. Generally, the moduli from the repeated haversine loading with rest period were always lower than those from the cyclic sinusoidal loading. The difference in moduli from the repeated haversine loading with rest period and cyclic sinusoidal loading becomes more significant as the temperature decreases.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.409-428
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• 2016

To realise the full benefits of a self-centering seismic resilient system, the designer must ensure that the entire structure does indeed re-center following an earthquake. The idealised flag-shaped hysteresis response that is often used to define the cyclic behaviour of self-centering concrete systems seldom exists and the residual drift of a building subjected to an earthquake is dependent on the realistic cyclic hysteresis response as well as the dynamic loading history. Current methods that are used to ensure that re-centering is achieved during the design of self-centering concrete systems are presented, and a series of cyclic analyses are used to demonstrate the flaws in these current procedures, even when idealised hysteresis models were used. Furthermore, results are presented for 350 time-history analyses that were performed to investigate the expected residual drift of an example self-centering concrete wall system during an earthquake. Based upon the results of these time-history analyses it was concluded that due to dynamic shake-down the residual drifts at the conclusion of the ground motion were significantly less than the maximum possible residual drifts that were observed from the cyclic hysteresis response, and were below acceptable residual drift performance limits established for seismic resilient structures. To estimate the effect of the dynamic shakedown, a residual drift ratio was defined that can be implemented during the design process to ensure that residual drift performance targets are achieved for self-centering concrete wall systems.