• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2017

As well as the strength check, fatigue life check is also mainly required for designing mooring lines of the floating structures. In general, forces which induce dynamic structural response significantly affect to fatigue design of the mooring lines. So, waves are mainly considered as the governing loading for fatigue design of the mooring lines. In this study, characteristics of the fatigue damage of the mooring lines for submerged floating tunnels (SFT) under irregular waves are investigated. For this study time domain hydrodynamic analysis is used to obtain motion of the tunnel and tension and stresses of the mooring lines under the specific environmental conditions. Also, the Rainflow-counting method, the Palmgren-Miner's rule, and S-N curves for floating offshore structures presented by DNV recommendation is applied to calculate the fatigue damage due to the fluctuating stresses. Referring to the design plactice of the tendon pipes for TLP (tension-leg platform), which is very similar structural system to SFT, it is assumed that a 100 year return period wave attacks the SFT systems during 48 hours and the fatigue damages due to the environmental loading are calculated. Following the analysis sequence, the effects of the tunnel draft, spacing and initial inclination angle of the mooring lines on the fatigue damage under the specific environmental loadings are investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.620-632
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• 2004

This paper tries to examine differences between geography classes taught by majored and non-majored teacher and to find problems in the latter case, tv observing four middle school geography classes in Seoul, from April to May 2003. The observation was fecund on (1) organization of a class (2) dialogue between teacher and students (3) strategy of explanation. In addition, the author conducted personal interviews with social studies teachers in the schools where the observations were made. The analyses of the observed classes were made by micro-ethnographic research method. Major findings of the observation and analysis are as follows. First, the transition from one topic to another topic was not smooth in the case of non-majored teacher class. Second, the questions that the non-majored teacher posed in the classroom played less significant role in keeping up the class in an organized fashion than those that the majored teacher posed. Third, the non-majored teacher focused on the concepts, terms and contents appeared in the textbook and simply tried to explain them, whereas the majored teacher demonstrated teaching methods such as comparing and contrasting cases to provide students with a more dynamic and comprehensive understanding on the topic they teamed. Fourth, the non-majored teacher used maps less frequently and less actively than the majored teacher. In addition, although the non-majored teachers are well aware of their problems in the class as a non-majored teacher, they think that the problems are inevitable in a given curriculum structure of social studies in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.79-91
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• 2016

Geosynthetic-reinforced and Pile-supported (GRPS) embankment method is widely used to construct structures on soft ground due to restraining residual settlement and their rapid construction. However, effect of cyclic loading has not been established although some countries suggest design methods through many studies. In this paper, cyclic loading tests were conducted to analyze dynamic load transfer characteristics of pile-supported embankment reinforced with geosynthetics. A series of 3 case full scale model tests which were non-reinforced, one-layer-reinforced, two-layer reinforced with geosynthetics were performed on piled embankments. In these series of tests, the height of embankment and pile spacing were selected according to EBGEO (2010) standard in Germany. As a result of the vertical load parts on the pile and on the geosynthetic reinforcement measured separately, cyclic loads transferred by only arching effect decreased with strength geosynthetic-reinforced case. However, final loads on the pile showed no differences among the cases. These results conflict with previous studies that reinforcement with geosynthetics increases transfer load concentrated on piles. In addition, it is observed that the load transferred to pile decreases at the beginning of cycle number due to reduction of arching effected by cyclic loading. Based on these results, transferred mechanism for cyclic load on GRPS system has been presented.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.75-91
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• 2003

This study analyzed descriptions about dots, lines, and sides which are used as a basic elements to express geometric figures as followings: -In the aspect of formative art, dots form images and feelings through their concurrence when make a slight move to coordinates. The concurrence can bring out either positive or negative images; -Lines have unlimited variation as a core measure in body art. They can make optimal effects with different lines such as straight and curved lines of human body; -Sides express not only effects of texture and perspective but also of space and solid by color effects. Expressive characteristics and geometric shapes can be classified by tattoo, henna and body painting: First, colorful tattoos are favored by Caucasian and original tattoos are mostly used by yellow and colored races in the way of scarification to get decorative effects. Recently, a rapid cycle of fashion change in tattoo figures has developed a tentative method of tattooing and a variety of decoration methods. It has made it a lot easier to change a pattern of a tattoo. Tattoos are now popular among people because they no longer have to suffer from pains when they get their body tattooed for a long time. Since tattoos boast their unique beauty which consists of most dynamic and attractive images among the types of body art. It will be one of the most favored make-up methods in the nearest future. Second, geometric designs used in henna include crosses, dots, straight lines, triangles, date palms, and so on. Henna has been particularly loved as an instant decoration by the public since it gradually disappears as time goes on. Third, body painting enables to draw a three-dimensional effect because of its close relation with body movements in a limited space. Each individual will have a different feeling appealed in their body painting. Body painting has been applied to many different areas, especially to theatrical art using lights, music and performance altogether producing impromptu and experimental works. Unlike other arts such as painting, sculpture, visual and industrial arts, body painting has mobility. Since it is painted on a three-dimensional human body, it can bear originality expressing realistic objects or animals and strengthen creative functions using body lines. Moreover, geometric designs can be diversified by the sexes. As a result of analysis, geometric designs expressed in body art seemed to transcend expressions of beauty and turned out to be another way of decoration. Body art has also been used as a way to express visual integration and consolidation dynamically not by human instinct but by social changes. The needs for body art will grow as the future comes nearer and be recognized as a new and fresh value. Formative elements of geometric figures deliver visual impressions combined with human body and finally create more various types of body art in harmony of body lines.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.681-688
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• 2009

The railroad bridges have been usually experienced by vibration and impact in service state. With this reason, it is important that the effective strengthening capacity should be considered to resist the kind of service loading. In this study, NSM strengthening technique is recommended for the concrete railroad bridge because of its better effective resistance for dynamic loading condition and strengthening cost than the conventional externally bonded strengthening using fiber sheet. However, to widely apply NSM method for the concrete railroad bridge, it needs that the strengthening ratio has to be reasonably evaluated with geometrical and material uncertainties, especially for the concrete bridge under long-term service state without the apparent design history and detail information such as concrete compressive strength, reinforcing ratio, railroad characteristics. The purpose of this study is to propose the critical strengthening ratio of CFRP plate for the targeted concrete railroad bridge with uncertainties of deterioration of the structures. To do this, Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) for geometrical and material uncertainties have been applied so that this approach may bring the reasonable strengthening ratio of CFRP plate considering probabilistic uncertainties for the targeted concrete railroad bridge. Finally, the critical strengthening ratio of NSM strengthened by CFRP plate is calculated by using the limit state function based on the target reliability index of 3.5.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.473-476
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• 2008

Due to the pursuit of high function and international price increase in the field of construction, the application of the secondary product using cement is on the increase gradually in the construction industry in the pursuit of economic cost reduction by the shortening of the construction time like Expediting and the dry construction method at the same time. However, it is in very urgent situation of measures to improve the structural performance or durable performance because it is limited for use in terms of panel in interior exterior building or functional repair reinforce as yet. Accordingly, this study is to investigate applicability of permanent Formwork like mould with the structural performance or excellent durable performance in the field of construction, and to derive optimum mixture in the performance and quality of manufacture. As a result of analysis comparison with the dynamic and durable properties of vacuum extrusion molding high toughness cement panel according to the mixture of four conditions, this study has found that the test body of mixing ECC-DP3 using small filler and large granulated blast furnace slag and powder flame retardant had excellent relative hardness and bending stress strain. The durable performance has shown excellent tendency by the decrease of porosity and enhancement of water-tightness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.80-90
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• 1982

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of a chronic disease on body image, and to show that body image is directly related to one's self concept. Body image is the concept of one's own body based on present and past perception, and is elated to one's self concept. Body image is a dynamic concept constantly changing throughout the life cycle but it changes greatly in illness, surgery, and accident. The child with a chronic disease experiences pain and immobilization due to illness and he/she experiences a strange environment in the hospital. illness often brings feeling of frustration and loss of self-esteem. Therefore this study was done to compare the body image of a child with a chronic disease（Asthma), with that of a normal healthy child, and to determine the relationship between the body image and self concept. The subjects in this study were 36 children being treated for asthma at the allergy clinic of Y University Hospital in Seoul (patient group) and 44 children attending elementary school in Kwanak Ku Seoul (normal healthy group). For the measurement of the body image, the researcher used Secord & Jourard's Body Cathexis Scale, and another scale which was constructed after reading about Osgood's Semantic Differential Method. For the measurement of the self concept, the researcher used Jacox & Stewart's Health Self Concept. The period for data collection was from October 7th to October 27th, 1982. The analysis of data was done by use of Percentage, t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and ANOVA, The results of the study were as follows: 1. The first hypothesis,“That the chronically ill (Asthma) child will have a more negative body image than the normal healthy child.”was supported. 2. The second hypothesis,“The more negative the body image, the lower the self concept.”was also supported. 3. The researcher failed to obtain statistically significant results in the analysis of the general characteristics which affect the body image except in the case of the older child as compare to the younger Child having a mole positive body image (r=.2751, r=.2481, p<.05). However it was found that, 1) Boy's have a more positive body image than girls (Mean=〔37.81, 141.09〕,〔37.00, 126.54〕), 2) The child who has been hospitalized has a more negative body image than the child who has never been hospitalized (Mean=〔33.25, 122.45〕,〔35.68, 129.93〕). 3) The younger the child when the disease is discovered and diagnosed, the more negative the body image (Onset of illness: Mean=〔31.44, 117.33〕,〔34.00, 103.50〕, 〔35.75, 140.38〕,〔36.33, 130.00〕, Time of Diagnosis: Mean=〔29.00, 117.33〕,〔33.89, 115.00〕,〔33.36, 124.93〕,〔37.10, 139. 20〕). In conclusion the chronically ill(.Asthma) child has a more negative body image than the normal healthy child, and the more negative the body image the lower the self concept. Therefore the concept of body image is useful in understanding the influences of chronic disease on body' image and self concept.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2011

Copper (Cu) had been attractive material due to its superior properties comparing to other metals such as aluminum or tungsten and considered as the best metal which can replace them as an interconnect metal in integrated circuits. CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) technology enabled the production of excellent local and global planarization of microelectronic materials, which allow high resolution of photolithography process. Cu CMP is a complex removal process performed by chemical reaction and mechanical abrasion, which can make defects of its own such as a scratch, particle and dishing. The abrasive particles remain on the Cu surface, and become contaminations to make device yield and performance deteriorate. To remove the particle, buffing cleaning method used in post-CMP cleaning and buffing is the one of the most effective physical cleaning process. AE(Acoustic Emission) sensor was used to detect dynamic friction during the buffing process. When polishing is started, the sensor starts to be loaded and produces an electrical charge that is directly proportional to the applied force. Cleaning efficiency of Cu surface were measured by FE-SEM and AFM during the buffing process. The experimental result showed that particles removed with buffing process, it is possible to detect the particle removal efficiency through obtained signal by the AE sensor.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.193-205
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• 2003

There has been so many research activities about robot soccer system in the many research fields, for example, intelligent control, communication, computer technology, sensor technology, image processing, mechatronics. Especially researchers research strategy for attacking in the field of strategy, and develop intelligent strategy. Then, soccer robots cannot defense completely and efficiently by using simple defense strategy. Therefore, intention extraction of attacker is needed for efficient defense. In this thesis, intention extractor of soccer robots is designed and developed based on FMMNN(Fuzzy Min-Max Neural networks ). First, intention for soccer robot system is defined, and intention extraction for soccer robot system is explained.. Next, FMMNN based intention extractor for soccer robot system is determined. FMMNN is one of the pattern classification method and have several advantages: on-line adaptation, short training time, soft decision. Therefore, FMMNN is suitable for soccer robot system having dynamic environment. Observer extracts attack intention of opponents by using this intention exactor, and this intention extractor is also used for analyzing strategy of opponent team. The capability of developed intention extractor is verified by simulation of 3 vs. 3 robot succor simulator. It was confirmed that the rates of intention extraction each experiment increase.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.41-48
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• 2005

OSGi(Open Service Gateway Initiative) offers a unique opportunity for pervasive computing as a potential framework for achieving interoperability between various sensors, home appliances, and networked devices. The OSGi framework supports a remote installation of a bundle, which is a unit that installs and deploys services. However, in order for the bundle in execution to migrate, a specific form of bundle such a mobile agent, is needed one which is able to move through a heterogeneous network. This paper proposes a method that can manage bundles like these dynamic agents, in order to ensure the mobility of entities in multiple OSGi framework environments. For our purposes, we have designed the mobile agent management system for managing the lifecycle and mobility of agents in the OSGi framework. The mobile agent management system we are proposing implements a bundle form which can perform in an OSGi framework as well as manage autonomous mobile services. As a result, mobility in a pervasive environment will be supported more efficiently.