• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1520-1526
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• 2005

Henna is a natural colorant and has been used to dye hair, skin and leather since civilization began. It has reddish brown to orange shade. The major color components of Henna are Lawsone(2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone) and Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-flavone). In this study, various fibers containing the nitrogen component, especially used fur underwear, were dyed with Henna under various dyeing conditions, then dyeing characteristics, color fastness, and anti-bacterial properties were evaluated. from the results, Henna has good affinity to the chlorinated wool>wool>Pu/nylon>nylon>soybean>silk in decreasing order. The color fastness of the wool fabric dyed with Henna to washing, dry-cleaning, and perspiration showed 4-5 grade. The color fastness to light was 3rd grade. These results are relatively good comparing with other natural dyes. Moreover dyed fabric with Henna showed excellent antibacterial activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2005

In order to activate the characteristics of charcoals in fiber systems, this study was carried out to experiment with the particle size from two micrometers to ten micrometers of charcoal powders on silk fabrics. The results obtained were as follows; The silk fabrics were dyed with gray color by charcoals effectively. The K/S value, that is indicative of the dye affinity, became higher as the increase of dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dyeing concentration. Te dyeing effects were the highest with 50%(o.w.f.) of charcoals at $100^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes in this experiments, It was observed the surfaces of silk fibers were mainly adcorbed with charcoal powders of the particle size from two micrometers to four micrometers by scanning electron microscope. Dyed silk fabrics showed comparatively low fastness to the fade of launding, the stain of the treatment of perspirations, and the strain of water fastness test, but good fastness to the stran of laundering, te drycleaning, the fade of treatment of perspirations, and the fade of water fastness test. In connection with the functional properties of dyed fabrics, the deodorizations were drastically improved, and the far-infrared emissions improved highly, and also the antibacterials were comparatively good.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.16-24
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• 1995

Traditionally dyeing fabric with dyestuff extracted from Indigo was a popular method of obtaining blue color in the world before synthetic dyestuff was developed in the 1890's. As the Korean traditional process of dyeing extracted from Indigo, there are two kinds of dyeing process; The deposite dyeing of muddy Indigo and the leaf dyeing of Indigo plant. In order to study the properties of leaf dyeing of Indigo, the dyeing properties, color difference on cotton and silk fabrics under several dyeing conditions were investigated. In the dyeing of cotton and silk fabrics with leaf dyeing of Indigo, the dyeing affinity of silk was higher than that of cotton, the cotton and silk fabrics were dyed dark yellowish Green and dark Blue, respectively. the dye uptake increased with the increase of dyeing temperature and of the unmber of dyeing times. When cotton and silk fabrics dyed with leaf dyeing of Indigo at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for six number of times, the K/S value of dyed cotton and silk were calculated 1.286, 2.613 respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1361-1370
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• 2015

A blue laccase was purified from a white rot fungus of Trametes trogii, which was a monomeric protein of 64 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme acted optimally at a pH of 2.2 to 4.5 and a temperature of 70℃ and showed high thermal stability, with a half-life of 1.6 h at 60℃. A broad range of substrates, including the non-phenolic azo dye methyl red, was oxidized by the laccase, and the laccase exhibited high affinity towards ABTS and syringaldazine. Moreover, the laccase was fairly metal-tolerant. A high-molecular-weight kraft lignin was effectively polymerized by the laccase, with a maximum of 6.4-fold increase in weight-average molecular weight, as demonstrated by gel permeation chromatography. Notable structural changes in the polymerized lignin were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. This revealed an increase in condensed structures as well as carbonyl and aliphatic hydroxyl groups. Simultaneously, phenolic hydroxyl and methoxy groups decreased. These results suggested the potential use of the laccase in lignin modification.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.367-370
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• 2018

Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme that is found in most of body fluids. Lysozyme in tears plays a primary role in protecting eye from harmful environments; if lysozyme is degraded or inhibited, eyes are likely to be more vulnerable to bacterial infection. In this study, lysozyme activity was evaluated according to varying concentrations of heavy metals, copper, zinc, cobalt and manganese and light metal, calcium that are frequently found in airborne particulate matters and was assayed using a dye-quenching lysozyme substrate, Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Less fluorescence intensity was observed with increasing amounts of copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt but not with calcium suggesting that these metals have some affinity with lysozyme and inhibit lysozyme activity. When albumin, the second most common protein in tears, was added on the reaction of lysozyme and metals, lysozyme activity was partially restored. This finding suggests that the albumin might protect damage caused by metals on lysozyme. To identify whether the decrease in enzymatic activity was related to structural changes of lysozyme, SDS-PAGE was conducted and only with copper did lysozyme show marked smearing bands on the SDS-gel, meaning that copper degraded lysozyme consistent with the sharpest activity decrease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.882-889
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• 2008

Three fabrics, 100% silk, nylon and cotton each, were dyed with a lichen dye solution prepared by a fermentation method under conditions of varying dyebath pH and temperature. To verify the effect of chitosan on fabric dyeing, the 100% cotton fabric was treated with a chitosan solution before dyeing. The K/S, CIE $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, ${\Delta}E$ and Munsell values of the dyed samples were measured. Colorfastness of each sample was also investigated. The maximum K/S value was measured at 520nm wavelength for the dyed silk fabric and at 480nm for the dyed cotton and nylon. The K/S values for the dyed silk fabric were much greater than those of the other fabrics. The dyed silk fabric showed a red tone on the Munsell color system, and the dyed nylon and cotton fabrics a yellowish red tone. Dye affinity to fabrics was better in a neutral or acidic dyebath. As dyeing temperature increased, K/S values increased for the dyed nylon and cotton fabrics but not for the silk. Dyeability of cotton fabrics could improve by Chitosan treatment. As for most natural dyes, colorfastness of all dyed samples was poor. The silk fabric showed an excellent dry cleaning fastness of Grade 5.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.64.1-64.1
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• 2010

The morphology of mesoporous $TiO_2$ films plays an important role in the operation of a DSSC. For example, the energy conversion efficiency of DSSCs with well-organized mesoporous $TiO_2$ films is much higher than those with traditional films possessing a random morphology. In previous research, well-organized mesoporous $TiO_2$ films have mainly been synthesized using an amphiphilic block copolymer, e.g., a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based template. A graft copolymer is more attractive than a block copolymer due to its low cost and the ease with which it can be synthesized. In this work, we provide the first report on the successful synthesis of well-organized mesoporous $TiO_2$ films templated by an organized graft copolymer as a structure directing agent. Well-organized mesoporous $TiO_2$ films with excellent channel connectivities were developed via the sol gel processusing an organized PVC-g-POEM graft copolymer synthesized by one-pot ATRP. The careful adjustment of copolymer composition and solvent affinity using a THF/$H_2O$/HCl mixture was used to systematically vary the material structure. The influence of the material structure on solar cell performance was then investigated. A solid-state DSSC employing both the graft copolymer templated organized 700 nm-thick $TiO_2$ films and graft copolymer electrolytes exhibited a solar conversion efficiency of 2.2% at 100 $mW/cm^2$. This value was approximately two-fold higher than that attained from a DSSC employing a random mesoporous $TiO_2$ film. The solar cell performance was maximized at 4.6% when the film thickness was increased to $2.5{\mu}m$. We believe that this graft copolymer-directed approach introduces a new and simple route toward the synthesis of well-organized metal oxide films as an alternative to a conventional block copolymer-based template.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 1995

The picosecond time resolved fluorescence spectra of Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HPD) in both solutions and cancer cell are measured by a time correlated single photon counting system with a synchronously mode locked dye laser. Two exoponential decay components in the fluorescence spectra were observed. The slow decay(6.3 ㎱)and the fast one(350 ㎰)are attributed to be originated from monomers and dimers, respectively. The absorption and fluorescence measurements in steady state also showed the presence of a monomeric and dimeric forms of HPD molecules. The monomer lifetime in the cancer cell was measured to be longer than that in solution, which was expected from the blue shift and narrowing of the absorption spectra for HPD-treated in vitro. The relative amplitude of the fast component was found to be enhanced in cancer cell, strongly indicating the higher affinity of the dimer for the cancer cell.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.580-586
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• 2000

A soluble Cr(VI) reductase was purified from the Cr(VI) reducing strain Escherichia coli ATCC33456 by ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chromatographies on Q-Sepharose FF, Cibacron blue 3GA dye affinity, Mono-Q 5/5, and Superdex 200 HR 10/30 columns. The estimated molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 27 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 54 kDa on gel filtration, thus indicating a dimeric structure. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was pH 4.85. The optimum reaction pH and storage pH were both 7.0, the optimum reaction temperature was $37^{\circ}C$, and the storage temperature was $4^{\circ}C$. NADH and NADPH both served as electron donors for the reductase, with $V_{max}$ of 68.3 ${\mu}M$ Cr(VI)/min/mg protein and Km of 7.6 $\mu$M using HADH, and Vmax of 42.3 ${\mu}M$ Cr(VI)/min/mg protein and Km of 14.6 $\muM$ using NADPH. When 1 mM EDTA was added, the Cr(VI) reducing activity increased 4-fold.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1473-1482
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• 2013

A disc-type rotary atomizer affords advantages such as superior paint transfer efficiency, uniformity of paint pattern and particle size, and less consumption of compressed air compared to a spray-gun-type atomizer. Furthermore, it can be applied to all types of painting materials, and it is suitable for large-scale processes such as car painting. The painting quality, which is closely related to the atomizer performance, is determined by the uniformity and droplet size in accordance with the design of the bell disc surface. This study establishes the basics of how to design a surface by modeling the operating bell disc's RPM, diameter, surface angle, and film thickness considering dye characteristics such as the viscosity, density, and surface affinity.