• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.167-173
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• 1998

Having silk dyed with some pigment extracted from the skin of an onion, examined the change of color by time and frequency of dyeing and a mordanted cloth, and the antibiosis of a dyed cloth and a mordanted cloth. The result of this were as follows ; 1. The pigment of an onion was easily extracted in the hot water of $40^{\circ}C$ and much more extracted as the temperature of water rises($70^{\circ}C$). 2. As a result of dyeing it by the change of time, 30minutes, 60minutes, 90minutes and the frequency of dyeing, once, twice, three times after filtering the extracted solution, the one dyed three times for 30minutes was the best. 3. The difference of color of a mordanted cloth was the highest in the mordant of $SnCl_2\;2H_2O$ on the basis of the value of L of the non-mordant dyed three times. 4. The mordant of copper sulfate was proved to have the highest antibiosis in the antibiosis of a dyed cloth and a mordanted cloth, and it was proved that the pigment of the skin of an onion had excellent antibiosis.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2008

The tannin acid and the enzymes have been used in order to improve the ruggedness in laundry and the absorption of dyes and pigments in the textile industry for several years. The enzyme processing on the protein fiber minimizes the damage of the entire fiber and improves the dyeability by effectively modifying only the hydrophobic surface. This study tried out the structural observation by applying the Castanea crenata sieb. et. zucc. containing abundant tannin to the hair dyeing as the natural dyeing pigment along with Protease of Rhizopus sp. The dyeability was improved as compared to the dyeing using only the synthetic tanning and iron mordant. When the depth of pigment was higher in accordance with the surface observation, the enzyme dissolution had impact on dyeing and so the keratin layer on the hair surface. Accordingly, it was found that the appropriate depth was between 0.01 and 0.03%. It was estimated that 0.1% protease would treated within 30min. Consequently, it would cause the good reaction with the functional group of tannin pigment.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to find in what color Korean handmade paper(Hanji) is dyed when it is dyed with a pigment extracted from waste onion peelings using different kinds of mordant, and how the paper is discolored and variety of strength under the condition of accelerated aging test. The results of this experiment are as follows. 1. Korean handmade paper was dyed in different colors according to the kinds of mordant. Mainly it was dyed in orange-brown, and sometimes in gold or khaki. 2. Korean handmade paper dyed was not discolored much, which suggests that the pigment is strong under the condition of aging. 3. As for durability, Korean handmade paper dyed in gold was strongest. Korean handmade paper, to which aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate or sodium dichromate was applied as mordant, had poor durability. Thus, these were not suitable as mordant.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.55-61
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• 2004

The Purpose or this study was to determine the optimal dyeing condition or Chelidonium majus extracts onto silk fabrics. Among the various dyeing properties, the colorfastness of fabrics dyed with Chelidonium majus extracts was investigated in different conditions such as dyeing temperature, dyeing time, dyeing pH etc. We also tried to dye fabrics using the Chelidonium majus extracts which were lyophilized. Although mordant was not used, dyed fabrics showed relatively good dyeability and the main pigment of Chelidonium majus showed yellow vividly in the appropriate dyeing conditions. At a dyeing temperature above 40$^{\circ}C$, the $\Delta$E value increased but the yellowish tint decreased. The pH value of unadjusted Chelidonium majus extracts was 6.4, at which a deep yellow was obtained. The dye equilibrium was reached 40 minutes after dyeing. The colorfastness to washing and light was poor at 1-2 and 2-3, respectively, but the dry-cleaning fastness was good at 4-5.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.127-135
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• 2000

The natural dyestuff, grape skin dye was manufactured from grape skin by boiling in 0.1% HCI solution, eliminating the sugar and powdering in freeze dryer. Cotton, wool, silk and nylon fabrics were dyed under several conditions using the manufactured grape skin dye to investigate the dyeability and color fastness. Dyeing was operated in acidic dyebath of pH 4 because the grape skin is anionic. The color of dyed fabrics were affected on temperature of dyeing solution. Under 80$\^{C}$, the color of dyed fabrics were red or violet, but changed to brown in laundering. Above 100$\^{C}$, the color were brown and safe in laundering. Dyeabilities on wool, silk, and nylon fabrics were good, especially silk fabrics were dyed deeper than others. Dyeability was developed with concenturation of dyeing solution. All the dyed fabrics were excellent in color fastness to crocking and laundering. Light fastness was low to moderate. The light fastness of dyed nylon fabrics were as poor as grade 1, but they could be improved to grade 3∼4 by aftertreatment with gallic acid.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.2276-2280
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• 2013

The accurate prediction of vertical excitation energies is very important for the development of new materials in the dye and pigment industry. A time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach coupled with 22 different exchange-correlation functionals was used for the prediction of vertical excitation energies in the halogenated copper phthalocyanine molecules in order to find the most appropriate functional and to determine the accuracy of the prediction of the absorption wavelength and observed spectral shifts. Among the tested functional, B3LYP functional provides much more accurate vertical excitation energies and UV-vis spectra. Our results clearly provide a benchmark calibration of the TD-DFT method for phthalocyanine based dyes and pigments used in industry.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.33-45
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• 1995

1, 4-Diketo-3, 6-diphenyl-pyrrolo-[3, 4c]-pyrrole(abbriviated DPP) is a new heterocyclic pigment of red color whose chlorinated derivative is now on the market. DDP was synthesized from benzonitrile and diethylsuccinate. Pariser-parr-pople(PPP) molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on the DPP in other to study spectroscopically the DPP chromophore on deprotonation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.413-423
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• 2013

Chlorophyll is an abundant pigment found in all green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. This study uses methanol, acetone and water to extract spinach and mate powders in order to examine the possibility of dyeing animal fibers with chlorophyll without chemical alteration. It was shown that methanol extracts of spinach and mate powders can be effectively used to dye wool and silk fabrics if the extract is mixed with water by methanol:water 65:35 v/v. Compared to methanol extract, the acetone extract showed lower chlorophyll yield and lower dye uptake. Water was not an appropriate solvent for chlorophyll extraction and dyeing. Spinach powder showed a higher dye uptake than mate powder due to the higher chlorophyll content than mate powder. It is possible that the chlorophyll dyeing of wool and silk fabrics is due to the hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy amino acids in fiber and the carbonyl groups of chlorophyll. These carbonyl groups are on the heterocyclic ring and the methyl and ethyl side chains of chlorophyll.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2021

Safflower, a natural dye representing red, is the dye that materials and dyeing method are recorded in the literature, including materials and dyeing. Although the safflower is the same, the ash used as a mordant is recorded differently in each literature, which greatly affects the aesthetic perspective in realizing the traditional safflower red. Therefore, the optimal conditions for realizing the traditional safflower red were sought. The experiment was conducted by pH investigation, dyeing and color analysis by dyeing solution water, concentration, and temperature by ash, and the unique color of red was confirmed. As a result of the test, the pH point of time when the uniq ue color was expressed was 11.53 as goosefoot ash (natural bedrock water), which was 1:100 for concentration and 70℃ for temperature, which was easier to extract red pigment than other ash, indicating that it is suitable for safflower dyeing. The analysis of the ash showed that K and Si play an important role in dyeing, especially Si, which is an element that inhibits carthamon. The color of red was similar to that of KS Standard vivid purplish red in the ash of the goosefoot, and the other ash was deep purplish pink. In the light of findings, it was possible to quantify the dyeing method through traditional materials and find the standard color of red color, and it is judged to be a basic data for studying the unique color of natural materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.914-928
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• 2017

This research investigated the effect of pH of dyebath and dyeing temperature on the dyeability of indigotin and indirubin on silk as well as the relationship between the amount of indigotin and indirubin detected from the dyed silk through HPLC-DAD analysis and the color of samples measured using a spectro-colorimeter. Indigo standard dye and indirubin standard dye were deliberately mixed by ratios 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 to dye silk with a different pH of dyebath (7, 11) and different dyeing temperatures ($50^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$). The amount of indigotin and indirubin pigments in silk was calculated using regression equations obtained from standard calibration curves of indigotin and indirubin. A higher indigotin percent ratio resulted in the higher K/S values and the higher amount of indigotin detected from silk. However, higher indirubin percent ratio in the mixed dye did not relate to the higher indirubin pigment detected in silk. While indirubin showed low or negative contribution to the K/S values, it showed a higher effect on the color of dyed silk. Higher amounts of indirubin in dyed silk resulted in a darker PB color, which led to P color with increases in indirubin content.