• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2024

Background: In today's modern world, longer working hours, shift work, and working at night have become major causes of the disruption of our natural circadian rhythms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the type of shift work (rotating vs. fixed day), duty period (on-duty vs. off-duty), and working period within each shift (nighttime vs. daytime) on the circadian rhythm characteristics of nurses who provide direct patient care. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a purposive sampling method. Cosinor analysis was applied to analyze the actigraphy data of nurses providing direct patient care for seven consecutive days. The linear mixed effects model was then used to determine any variances between shift type, duty period, and working period within each shift for the nurses. Results: The mesor value did not differ according to nurses' shift type, duty period, and working period within each shift. The amplitude was statistically higher in on-duty nurses and in daytime working hours. The acrophase was significantly delayed in nighttime working hours. As well as nurses in rotating shift had experience. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the peak activity of nurses occurs significantly later at night while working and nurses working during nighttime hours may have a weaker or less distinct circadian rhythm. Thus, this study suggests that limits be placed on the number of rotating nighttime shifts for nurses.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제49권12호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2012

센서 네트워크는 센서가 설치된 지역에서 감지된 데이터를 무선으로 전달하는 기술로서, 기존 방식과 달리 에너지 효율이 매우 중요한 성능요소이다. 이러한 특성에 따라 많은 WSN MAC 프로토콜에서는 Wakeup과 Sleep을 반복하여 수행하는 Duty Cycle 기법을 활용하고 있지만, 고정적인 Wakeup 구간의 설정에 따라 획일화된 에너지 성능과 수신 성공률로 인하여 성능이 제한적이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 Duty Cycle 기반의 MAC 프로토콜을 개선하기 위하여, 채널 환경에 따라 동적으로 Wakeup 구간을 가변화시키는 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방식은 트래픽이 높은 환경에서 Wakeup 구간을 증가시켜 수신 성공률을 높이고, 트래픽이 낮은 환경에서 Wakeup 구간을 줄여 에너지 성능을 향상시켰다. 또한 본 논문에서는 제안하는 방식의 성능에 대한 효율적인 평가를 위하여 기존 동기식 및 비동기식 MAC의 결과와 제안방식을 적용한 MAC의 결과를 비교하고 이를 분석하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2003

Purposes : This study was to investigate the job stress and turnover intention related to transfer of duty post of staff nurses working in general hospitals. Method : The subjects of this study were 384 staff nurses working in 6 general hospitals, with more than 200 beds, in Daegu and Kungbuk province in Korea. Data were collected through questionnaires and from Sep. 15 to Oct. 6, 2001. The used tool for measuring the degree of job stress was developed by Kim and Gu(1984) and the used tool for measuring the degree of turnover intention was developed Kim and Lee(2001). The data were analyzed into frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc contrast, Pearson's correlation coefficient according to the purpose of study by use SPSS Win 10.0 statistical program. Results : The following are the results of the study: (1) Average score of the job stress, turnover intention of resignation of the subjects were 2.64 and 4.44. (2) The result of the analysis of job stress related to transfer of duty post was higher in job stress; not satisfaction of current duty post(t=-2.06, p=0.04). (3) The result of the analysis of turnover intention related to transfer of duty post was higher in turnover intention; period of the an advance notice when transfer to current duty post less than 7day(F=3.55, p=0.02), not satisfaction of current duty post(t=-2.45, p=0.02), want the transfer from current duty post(t=3.68, p=0.00). (4) The study reveals that there was statistically significant positive correlation relationship between job stress factors and turnover intention(r=.183, p=.000). Conclusion : The study which relating to period of the an advance when transfer and satisfaction of current duty post and reconsideration of transfer of duty post shows statistically significant difference between job stress and turnover intention. Therefore it is regarded that is needed to set a period of profer advance notice, grip on unsatisfactory factor of current duty post and intervention and management of the subjects were wanted transfer of duty post.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2008년도 추계종합학술대회 B
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• pp.854-857
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• 2008

무선 센서 네트워크의 센서 노드는 내부 전원을 사용함으로 인해 수명이 제한적이다. 기존의 여러 MAC 프로토콜은 무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 절약을 위해 sleep/listen cycle을 스케쥴링한다. 또한, MAC프로토콜의 duty-cycle은 사용자의 조정에 의해 낮은 duty cycle로 변화할 수 있으며, 이는 프레임에서 sleep 시간을 결정하게 된다. 이러한 duty cycle의 크기는 MAC 프로토콜의 성능에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 본 논문에서는 NS-2 환경에서 서로 다른 duty cycle을 갖는 TEEM과 SMAC을 시뮬레이션하고 두 개의 프로토콜의 에너지 소비와 성능 측면에서 duty cycle을 분석한다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2011

In this paper, the effect of pulse current and generated heat on characteristics of the LED is measured and evaluated. For experiments, the LED driving circuit and digital logic which determines period and duty ratio of lighting are designed. At rated current, the temperature and optical characteristics of the LED with change in duty ratio and period are compared, and those of the LED with change in duty ratio and existence of cooling fan are also compared at constant average current. As a result, frequency does not affect device temperature and optical characteristic of the LED but duty ratio does. Also, the cooling fan is less effective on those of the LED at rated current.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2009년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.525-526
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• 2009

Due to the limitation of battery life time, energy is one of the most crucial issues for wireless sensor networks. Thus this paper proposes an energy efficient duty cycle scheme to conserve energy mostly. To handle the large varieties of data (i.e., both low and high traffic load) the proposed duty cycle scheme ensures a fair access period (FAP) and a prioritized access period (PAP). The idea presented in this paper able to reduce the collision probability and energy consumption. Finally simulation outputs have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed duty cycle task and showed a noticeable performance in terms of energy usage.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.331-335
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• 2010

무선 센서 네트워크에서 중요한 이슈 중 하나는 배치되는 센서 노드들이 최대한 요래 지속되도록 전력 소비를 줄이는 것과, 네트워크를 시간 동기화 하는 것이다. 기존의 저 전력 시간 동기화 알고리즘은 취침모드에 대한 고려 없이 교환되는 패킷의 수를 줄이거나, 네트워크 토폴로지에 따라 다른 시간 동기화 방법을 사용하는 하이브라드 방법이 전부였다. 무선 센서 네트워크에서 효율적인 에너지 절약 방법은 노드의 취침을 통한 duty cycle의 감소이기 때문에, 본 논문에서는 노드의 취침을 통해 duty cycle을 줄일 수 있는 시간 동기화 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 알고리즘 제안 시, 실험을 통해 노드 구성요소의 특성을 파악하여 모델을 세운 후 접근하였다. 제안한 알고리즘의 성능 파악을 위해 네트워크에 요구되는 시간 동기화 정확도가 있을 때, 이를 만족시키기 위한 시간 동기화 주기 값을 구해보았으며, 노드 사이의 편차율을 구할 때 걸리는 시간을 확률적인 개념을 사용해 분석하여 보았다. 제안된 알고리즘을 $3{\times}3$ 격자(grid) 구조에서 구현해본 결과, duty cycle 5%, 시간동기 주기 10초일 때, 107.57 $\mu{s}$의 평균 시간동기 오차를, duty cycle 2.5%, 시간동기 주기 20초일때, 130 $\mu{s}$의 평균 시간동기 오차를 보여주었다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 1978

Full-wave를 얻기 위한 회로와 그 회로의 해석을 하여 간단한 결과식을 얻고 또 full-wave를 이용한 duty ratio가 가변인 square wave를 얻을 수 있음을 옳바른 이론과 실험을 통해 구현하였다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sleep/wake behavior for shiftwork in air traffic controllers (ATCs) using wrist actigraph for ten workers on a continuous full-day three-team three-shift system of forward rotation including on-duty and off-duty periods. The wrist actigraph data were recorded for three days (one shift cycle) for each subject. The mean activity counts during an on-duty period progressively increased from the night, the swing, to the morning shifts. The doze length during on-duty periods showed decreases in the morning and swing shifts as compared to the night shift. Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) during off-duty periods increased in the morning-1 and swing-night shift compared to the morning-2 shift. Finally, I discussed the role of doze-taking during the burden on night shift ATCs.