• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.2A
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• pp.185-191
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• 2010

Because the concrete crack that is the reason of the serviceability and durability degradation of concrete structure can be arisen from either the stress magnitude and gradient or other structural and material defects, the crack strength of concrete is hard to accurately evaluate. Especially, stress-state in concrete plate components such as rigid pavement and long span slab is biaxial flexure stress, and the flexural strength of those component may be different than the traditional rupture modulus of concrete subjected to uniaxial stress. In this study, an experimental investigation to assess of mechanical behavior under uniaxial and biaxial flexure stress is conducted and the proposed optimum specimen configuration is adopted. From the test, the modulus of rupture under uniaxial and biaxial stress are decreased as the size of aggregate or specimen is larger. And biaxial flexure strength of concrete specimens is varied from 39.5 to 99.2% as compared with that of uniaxial strength, and the biaxial strength of specimen with 20mm aggregate size is only 76% of uniaxial strength.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.289-302
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• 2023

Insulating glass units (IGUs) have been widely used in buildings in recent years due to their superior thermal insulation performance. However, because of the panel reciprocating motion and fatigue deterioration of sealants under long-term wind loads, many IGUs have the problem of early failure of watertight properties in real usage. This study aimed to propose a statistical method for wind-induced deflection of IGU panels during the whole life service period, for further precise analysis of the accumulated fatigue damage at the sealed part of the edge bond. By the estimation of the wind occurrence regularity based on wind pressure return period, the events of each wind speed interval during the whole life were obtained for the IGUs at 50m height in Beijing, which are in good agreement with the measured data. Also, the wind-induced deflection analysis method of IGUs based on the formula of airspace coefficient was proposed and verified as an improvement of the original stiffness distribution method with the average relative error compared to the test being about 3% or less. Combining the two methods above, the deformation of the outer and inner panes under wind loads during 30 years was precisely calculated, and the deflection and stress state at selected locations were obtained finally. The results show that the compression displacement at the secondary sealant under the maximum wind pressure is close to 0.3mm (strain 2.5%), and the IGUs are in tens of thousands of times the low amplitude tensile-compression cycle and several times to dozens of times the relatively high amplitude tensile-compression cycle environment. The approach proposed in this paper provides a basis for subsequent studies on the durability of IGUs and the wind-resistant behaviors of curtain wall structures.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.467-484
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• 2023

Despite the significant features of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCCs), including better mechanical, fractural, and durability performance, their high content of cement has restricted their use in the construction industry. Although ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is considered the main supplementary cementitious material, its slow pozzolanic reaction stands against its application. The addition of nano-sized mineral modifiers, including nano-silica (NS), is an alternative to address the drawbacks of using GGBFS. The main object of this empirical and numerical research is to examine the effect of NS on the strain-hardening behavior of cementitious composites; ten mixes were designed, and five levels of NS were considered. This study proposes a new method, using a four-point bending test to assess the use of nano-silica (NS) on the flexural behavior, first cracking strength, fracture energy, and micromechanical parameters including interfacial friction bond strength and maximum bridging stress. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used for monitoring the initiation and propagation of the cracks. In addition, to attain a deep comprehension of fiber/matrix interaction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used. It was discovered that using nano-silica (NS) in cementitious materials results in an enhancement in the matrix toughness, which prevents multiple cracking and, therefore, strain-hardening. In addition, adding NS enhanced the interfacial transition zone between matrix and fiber, leading to a higher interfacial friction bond strength, which helps multiple cracking in the composite due to the hydrophobic nature of polypropylene (PP) fibers. The findings of this research provide insight into finding the optimum percent of NS in which both ductility and high tensile strength of the composites would be satisfied. As a concluding remark, a new criterion is proposed, showing that the optimum value of nano-silica is 2%. The findings and proposed method of this study can facilitate the design and utilization of green cementitious composites in structures.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.16-22
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• 2023

In this study, a salt water immersion test was performed on concrete specimens simulating the concrete mix design of the nuclear power plant, and the correlation between the amount of chloride and the XRF component according to the depth of the concrete was analyzed. The amount of chloride on the surface of the nuclear power plant concrete increased slightly with increasing immersion time in salt water, but the amount of chloride in the depth of 5.5 mm or more showed a clear tendency to increase with increasing immersion time in salt water. As a result of analyzing the correlation between the amount of chloride in concrete and the XRF component, the concrete with 20% FA substitution compared with the OPC concrete showed a very high correlation between the composition ratio of Cl ions and the evaluation result of salt damage resistance by XRF component analysis. Accordingly, it was confirmed that chlorine ion analysis and salt damage resistance performance evaluation by XRF component analysis were possible through repeated data accumulation in the nuclear power plant concrete mix with 20% fly ash replacement.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.509-527
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• 2024

Bonding carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates have been extensively employed in the restoration of steel constructions. In addition to the mechanical properties of the CFRP, the bond strength (P_U) between the CFRP and steel is often important in the eventual strengthened performance. Nonetheless, the bond behavior of the CFRP-steel (CS) interface is exceedingly complicated, with multiple failure causes, giving the P_U challenging to forecast, and the CFRP-enhanced steel structure is unsteady. In just this case, appropriate methods were established by hybridized Random Forests (RF) and support vector regression (SVR) approaches on assembled CS single-shear experiment data to foresee the P_U of CS, in which a recently established optimization algorithm named Aquila optimizer (AO) was used to tune the RF and SVR hyperparameters. In summary, the practical novelty of the article lies in its development of a reliable and efficient method for predicting bond strength at the CS interface, which has significant implications for structural rehabilitation, design optimization, risk mitigation, cost savings, and decision support in engineering practice. Moreover, the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test was performed to depict each parameter's impact on the target. The order of parameter importance was t_c> L_c > E_A > t_A > E_c > b_c > f_c > f_A from largest to smallest by 0.9345 > 0.8562 > 0.79354 > 0.7289 > 0.6531 > 0.5718 > 0.4307 > 0.3657. In three training, testing, and all data phases, the superiority of AO - RF with respect to AO - SVR and MARS was obvious. In the training stage, the values of R² and VAF were slightly similar with a tiny superiority of AO - RF compared to AO - SVR with R² equal to 0.9977 and VAF equal to 99.772, but large differences with results of MARS.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2024

With the increasing global interest in carbon neutrality, the automotive industry is also transitioning to the production of eco-friendly cars, specifically electric vehicles. In order to achieve comparable driving distances to internal combustion engine vehicles, the application of high-capacity battery packs has led to an increase in vehicle weight. To achieve light-weighting and durability requirements of automotive components simultaneously, there is a demand for research on the application of Ultra-High Strength Steel (UHSS). However, when manufacturing chassis components using UHSS, there are challenges related to fracture defects due to lower elongation compared to regular steel sheets, as well as spring-back issues caused by high tensile strength. In this study, a simulated specimen that is not affected by the property changes of four materials was designed to improve formability of the rear cross member, which is the most challenging automotive chassis component. The influence and correlation of material-specific variables were analyzed through finite element analysis (FEA) for each material with tensile strength of 440, 590, 780, and 980 MPa grades, resulting in the development of a predictive equation. To validate the equation, the simulated specimens of 980 MPa grade were produced from the test molds. Then the reliability of the FEA and predictive equation was verified with measured specimen data using a 3D scanner. The results of this study can be proposed to improve the formability of UHSS chassis components in future researches.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the physical and mechanical properties. durability of adhesive bond and paint film for the basic data which were required to determine the suitability as a raw material for furniture the laminated veneer lumber (LVL) with pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill). The results obtained were as follows; 1) The proper pressing time for making the LVL was over 45 second per milimeter of LVL thickness. 2) The bending strength of the LVL was lower than that of the solid wood but the compressive strength of the LVL was similar to that of the solid wood. The strength increased with the decrease of veneer thickness. 3) The impact bending absorbed energy of the LVL was 0 to 0.3 kg.m/$cm^2$ in the direction of parallel to the grain. The energy of the LVL was lower than that of the solid wood (0.68 kg.m/$cm^2$). 4) In warm water soaking and cold-dry tests, delamination of adhered layers surface crack, swelling, and color change were not found when the hot pressing time was over 45 second per milimeter of LVL thickness. As a result of soak under vacuum test shrinkage in the direction of parallel to the grain was about -1.0 percent and. was about 3.0 percent in the direction of the perpendicular to the grain. 6) The film cacks on the LVL's surface after the wet and cold-dry test were not found at all. 7) In the use of the LVL for interior decoration it was considered that the surface of the LVL be overlaid crossly with fancy veneers of birch and paulownia, etc. This cross overlayirg methods have resulted in few cracks on the fancy veneer.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.6 s.52
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• pp.137-145
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• 2006

Recently, the interests in structural monitoring of civil infrastructures are increased. Especially, as the civil infrastructures such as bridges, tunnels and buildings become large-scale, it is necessary to monitor and maintain the safety state of the structures, which requires smart systems that can supply long-term monitoring during the service time of the structures. In this paper, we investigated the possibilities of fiber optic sensor application to the various structures. We investigate the possibility of using fiber optic Bragg grating sensors to joint structure. The sensors show good response to the structural behavior of the joint while electric gauges lack of sensitivity, durability and long term stability for continuous monitoring. We also apply fiber optic structural monitoring to the composite repaired concrete beam structure. Peel-out effects is detected with optical fiber Bragg grating sensors and the strain difference between main structure and repaired carbon sheets is observed when they separate each other. The real field test was performed to verify the behaviors of fiber Bragg grating sensors attached to the containment structure in Uljin nuclear power plant in Korea as a part of structural integrity test which demonstrates that the structural response of the non-prototype primary containment structures. The optical fiber Bragg grating sensor smart system which is the probable means for long term assessments can be applicable to monitoring of structural members in various civil infrastructures.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2013

Recently the exterior attaching reinforcement method is being often used by using FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) as a method of strengthening concrete structure. this FRP exterior attaching reinforcement method has several advantages like high intensity, stiffness, good durability and easy installment comparing to its weight. but its structure is airtight covered by reinforcement material whose water permeability is low and water can't be discharged, thus it may provoke a damage to the structure after a long while. the main purposes of this study are to develop GFRP reinforcement material which can discharge the surface water properly and to measure its special functions. for this, we have changed the normal reinforcement material to water permeable structure and measured its water permeance modulus by an indoor test which shows the process of water permeance with the parameter of contained GFRP quantity. also tried to verify the measured value of the water permeance modulus in theory by analyzing the numbers on water permeance process. the test result showed that the biggest quantity of water, 0.5129 g/h $m^2$ was discharged when the fiber contained quantity reached at 75% and the tensile strength was also biggest by 476.6MPa at 75%, so it appeared that COSREM GP panel with 75% fiber contained quantity is the best in ventilation and structure.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2013

Hydrophobic coating on a silicate-based yellow phosphor ($Sr_2SiO_4:Eu^{2+}$) was carried out by using hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor, eventually to improve the long-term stability and reliability of the phosphor. The phosphor powder samples were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a fluorescence spectrophotometer and a contact angle analyzer. After the coating was prepared, the contact angle of the phosphor powder increased to $133.0^{\circ}$ for water and to $140.5^{\circ}$ for glycerol, indicating that a hydrophobic layer was formed on its surface. The phosphor coated with HMDSO exhibited photoluminescence enhancement up to 7.8%. The SEM and TEM images of the phosphor powder revealed that the plasma coating led to a morphological change from grain-like structure to smooth surface with 31~46 nm thick hydrophobic layer. The light emitting diode (3528 1 chip LED) fabricated with the coated phosphor showed a substantial enhancement in the reliability under a special test condition at $85^{\circ}C$ and 85% relative humidity for 1,000 h (85/85 testing). The plasma-mediated method proposed in this work may be applicable to the formation of 3-dimensional coating layer on irregular-shaped phosphor powder, thereby improving the reliability.