• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.20-32
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• 1995

Ultrastructural aspects on the production of the duct cuticle and formation of cuticular precursors within silk glands of the orb web spider, Nephila clavata L. Koch(Araneae: Araneidae), were studied using transmission electron microscope. Four kinds of silk glands(ampullate glands, tubuliform glands, flageliform glands, and aggregate glands), which connected with large spinning tubes(spigots) of the spinnerets, were examined and discussed in terms of cuticle precursor production. Inner cuticular intima which composed of three layers of cuticles-subcuticle, endocuticle and exocuticle- were commonly originated from duct epithelial cells surrounding the cuticle. The morphology and internal textures of each cuticle precursors were very diverse according to the types of silk glands. However several common features were observed. These cuticle precursors were first produced from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and next concentration was accomplished through the Golgi complex. After this step, cuticle precursors were released to the cuticle layer as a form of secretory granule by the mechanism of merocrine secretion commonly.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 1983

This study was made for the better information of the male reproductive system on the meat-type drake, Cherry Belly X White Golden. The epithelium of ductules of epididymal region and deferent duct were observed histologically and histochemically with the progress of their development. India-ink absorbability on the luminal epithelium was also investigated after the administration of India-ink. The results are as follows; 1. Rete testis and various round ductules in immature form appeared in epididymis within 6 weeks after hatching, and simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium were found in the epithelia of the ductules within 8 weeks after hatching. Larger ductules were found on epididymal surface which was in the developing stage near to the immature efferent ductule. From 10th to 20th week, various ductules appeared in epididymis, and developing form of efferent ductules were much more increased on epididymal surface. The luminal epithelium of the ductules were composed of ciliated simple columnar and pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells. At the same time, deferent duct appeared. From the 21th week, various ductules in epididymis became abruptly matured. Lumen of rete testis was lined by simple squamous or simple cuboidal epithelium, and that of efferent ductules, having many folds and being larger than any others were lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in which ciliated columnar cells, non-ciliated cells(clear cells) and basal cells were noted. Connecting tubules of star shaped lumen were composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in which ciliated columnar cells, nonciliated cells, and basal cells were observed. The luminal surface of epididymal ducts was smooth and has thick pseudostratified columnar epithelium which was composed of high columnar cells and basal cells. From 26th week after hatching, sperm pooling was started in various ductules. 2. From 4th to 10th week, simple cuboidal epithelium of deferent duct transformed to simple columnar epithelium with the progress of aging. At the basement of epithelium, clear round cells were noted. From 12th to 20th week, high columnar cells with enlongated nucleus were noted on the luminal border of deferent ducts, forming folds of pseuclostratified columnar epithelium. From 20th week, the deferent duct started to have septa in it's lumen and composed mainly of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and round cells disappeared. From 20th week, the lumen diameter of deferent duct became wider with the progress of aging, but there was no difference among the values of lumen diameter in upper, middle, and lower part of deferent ducts. At 26th week, the pooling period of sperms in deferent ducts, the lumen diameter became rapidly widen, especially in the lower part of deferent ducts. Thickness of muscular layer of ductus deferens showed gradual growth within 24 weeks but did abrupt thickening from 26th week. 3. Saliva resistant PAS granules were dotted on the top of nucleus in efferent ductules epithelium but the amount of the granules were little in the connecting ductules's epithelium. The granules reactive to acid phosphatase were abundant in the some epithelial cells of efferent ductules and connecting ductules, especially above the nucleus of cells. The granules reactive to alkaline phosphatase were noted on the luminal border of efferent ductules. Parts of free border of efferent ductules and middle portion of deferent ducts were stained slightly by alcian blue technique. India ink granules were found mainly in the epithelium of efferent ductules but were few in that of connecting ductules.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.159-171
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• 1974

Histological and histochemical studies were made on the lining epithelia of the various ducts in epidymis of the Rooster and absorptive function of the canal epithelial cells in the Rooster epididymis were also investigated after administration of India ink. The results obtained were summerized as follows; 1. Epihtelium lining the rate testis was mainaly composed of single later of cuboidal cells, and was partially composed of flattened squamous or low columnar cells. Efferential ductules were characterized by having many villous projections orrfolds which extened into the lumen, and were lined by stereociliated pseudostratified epithelium which consisted of manily ciliated columnar cells, a few scattered clear cells and basal cells. Connecting ductules were lined by ciliated pseudostriatified colummnar epithelium in which ciliated columnar cells, clear cells and basal cells were noted. Epididymal ducts were lined by pseudostratified epidhelium in which columnar and basal cells were noted. 2. PAS-granules, saliva resistant were noted mainly in the epithelial cells of efferential and connecting ductules. 3. Sudan black B stained heavily the granules in the epithelial cells of sufferential and connecting ductules. 4. The granules reactive to acid phosphatase most abundant in the epithelial cells of efferential ductules and were lesser amount in the epithelial cells of connecting ductules where as very few or no granules were seen in the rest of the ducts. 5. Alkaline phosphatase activity was most prominent but discontinuous in the luminal surface of the epithelium of efferential ductules and less marked in the connecting ductless. No enzyme activity was noted in the canal epithelium of epididyml duct. 6. India ink granules were most numerous in the epithlial cells of efferential ductules and were a few in connecting ductules. Very few or no granules of India ink were noted in the other types of the ducts. India ink granules in the epithelium increased gradually as the time after the administration of India ink (one up to twenty-nine hours) has proceeded. From those results it is suggested that epithelial cells of efferential and connecting ductules have active absorptive function, whereas the rest of duct system in the epididymis of the Rooster may be the mere pathway of the seminal fluid without significant modification of its constituents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 1988

This study was designed to investigate the effects of irradiation on the salivary ductal cells, especially on the intercalated ductal cells of the rat parotid glands. For this study, 36 Sprague-Dawley strain rats were irradiated on the head and neck region with absorbed dose of 15Gy by Co-60 teletherapy unit, Picker's model 4M60. The conditions irradiated were that field size, SSD, dose rate and depth were 12×5㎝m, 50㎝, 222 Gy/min. and 1㎝. respectively. The experimental animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 hours and 1, 3, 7 days after the irradiation and the changes of the irradiated intercalated duct cells of the parotid glands were examined under the light and electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Under the light and electron microscope, the nucleus, mitochondria and secretory granules showed severe changes in the early stage after irradiation and the most severe cellular de- generations were observed 2 hours after irradiation, but the repair processes began from 6 hours after irradiation. 2. Under the electron microscope, loss of the nuclear membranes, derrangement of the chromosomes, swelling and destruction of the secretory granules, and widening of the intercellular spaces were observed after irradiation. 3. Under the light microscope, atrophy and irregular proliferation of the ductal cells, cuboidal metaplasia, hyperchromatism, and the construction or obstruction of the lumen were observed after irradiation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2007

Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has been as an model animal for studing the neurological disease such as stroke and epilepsy because of the congenital incompleteries in Willis circle, as well as the investigation of water metabolism because of the long time-survival in the condition of water-deprived desert condition, compared with other species animal. Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) expressed at the surface of principal cells in collecting duct results from an equilibrium between the AQP2 in intracellular vesicles and the AQP2 on the plasma membrane. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), which is expressed in cell in a wide range of organ, is also present in the collecting duct principal cells where this is abundant in the basolateral plasma membranes and represent potential exit pathways from the cell for water entering via AQP2. In this research, we divide 3 groups of which each group include the 5 animals. In the study of 7 or 14 days water restricted condition, we investigated the AQP2 and AQP4 by using a quantitative immunohistochemistry in the kidney. The results obtained in this study were summarized as followings. AQP2 is abundant in the apical plasma membrane and apical vesicles in the collecting duct principal cell and at rare abundance in connecting tubules. In the water-deprived Mongolian gerbil kidney, expression of AQP2 was continuosly increased in the cortical collecting duct and inner medullary collecting duct. This increase was both the apical region and cytoplasm. AQP4 is mainly expressed in the inner medulla, although some expression is also noted in the more proximal segment. In the water-deprived Mongolian gerbil kidney, AQP4 was also increased in the inner medullary collecting duct. Immunoactivity was increased in entire inner medullary collecting duct and newly detected in cytoplasm of principal cell. These findings suggest that increased levels of AQP2 and AQP4 in the cortical and inner medulalry collecting duct may play a important role for maintain fluid balance in the water-deprived kidney.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 1989

The fine structure of the aggregate glands-one of the capture thread producing organs-in the orb web spider, Nephila clavata L.Koch, is studied with light and electron microscopes. Gluey capture threads or sticky spirals of the orb web are originated from the silks of two flagelliform glands and four aggregate glands which are connected to the posterior spinnerets, and the arrangement fo their spigots(large spinning tubes) shows a charaterstic form called "triad". The aggregate galnd is composed of large and multilobed secretory portion and thick excretory duct surrounded by large irregular nodules. The excretory duct of the aggregate galnds basically consists of three superposed types of cells which are inner columnar epithelium, nodule-forming cells and outer connestives. The cuticles of the proximal duct near the secretory portion are composed of endocuticle and exocuticle, whereas ghe distal duct near the spinning tubes has a electron lucent subcuticle which had the functions of water removal and orientation of silk fibers. In the cytoplasmic process of the large and irregular nodule-forming cells surrounded by invaginations of the plasma membranes, numerous mitochondria and glycogen particles are contained. The maturational level of the nodule cells is perceived from the appearence of these cell inclusions. The secretory portion of the glands which porduce the secretory silk material shows two layers of the cells which are simple cuboidal epithelium and several connective layers. In the cytoplasm of the glandular epithelial cell, rough endoplasmic reticulums are well developed, and two types of secretory granules are observed. Between the adjacent epithelial cells, specialized septate junctions are formed along the plasma membranes.membranes.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1997

Salivary duct carcinoma is rare high grade adenocarcinoma, arising from larger excretory duct in major salivary gland, resembling the ductal carcinoma of the breast histologically. We report a case of salivary duct carcinoma of left parotid gland in which fine needle aspiration cytology was performed. Cytologic examination revealed 1) moderate cellularity, 2) flat sheets or three dimensional, tightly cohesive clusters on the necrotic background, 3) sometimes cribriform or papillary configuration, 4) polygonal or cuboidal cells with moderate anisonucleosis with abundant, granular and eosinophilic cytoplasm, 5) round to oval nuclei with irregular chromatin clumps, and 6) 1 or 2 inconspicuous nucleoli. Histologically, the tumor is mainly composed of cribriform intraductal component with central comedonecrosis, and small foci of infiltrating component including well differentiated ductal structures or irregular sheets in a desmoplastic stroma.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2016

Resveratrol (RSV) may provide numerous protective effects against chronic inflammatory diseases. Due to local hypoxia and hypertonicity, the renal medulla is subject to extreme oxidative stress, and aldehyde products formed during lipid peroxidation, such as 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), might be responsible for tubular injury. This study aimed at investigating the effects of RSV on renal and its signaling mechanisms. While HHE treatment resulted in decreased expression of Sirt1, AQP2, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mouse cortical collecting duct cells (M1) cells treated with HHE exhibited increased activation of p38 MAPK, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and increased expression of NOX4, $p47^{phox}$, Kelch ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1) and COX2. HHE treatment also induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation by promoting $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation. Meanwhile, the observed increases in nuclear $NF-{\kappa}B$, NOX4, $p47^{phox}$, and COX2 expression were attenuated by treatment with Bay 117082, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), or RSV. Our findings indicate that RSV inhibits the expression of inflammatory proteins and the production of reactive oxygen species in M1 cells by inhibiting $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.78-92
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• 1994

Lysozyme has been reported to be present in the secretory granules of the Paneth cell, and lysozyme immunoreactivity has been detected by immunogold method in Paneth cells of the intestine of human, mouse and rat. The present study was aimed at clarifying the intracellular distribution and changes of the lysozyme immunoreactivity in rabbit Paneth cell after common bile duct ligation of rabbit, using the electron microscope immunogold technique. Healthy adult rabbits weighing about 2kg body weight were divided into normal and bile duct ligated groups. Common bile duct ligation was performed aseptically under ether anesthesia. Experimental animals were sacrificed on the 1st, the 3rd, the 5th, the 7th and the 14th day after the operation. Mucosal specimens from the intestinal gland of ileum were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde, followed by 1% osmium tetroxide, embedded in araldite mixture, cut with LKB-V ultratome. Ultrathin sections were placed on parlodion coated nickel grids (200mesh). The section-bearing grids were floated upside down on the added substance in a moist chamber at room temperature except for the primary antibody step, which was at $4^{\circ}C$. Sections were etched with a saturated solution of sodium m-periodate for 60min. After etching, sections were pretreated with 0.02M tris buffered saline (TBS), pH 8.4, with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma) for 60min, then treated polyclonal rabbit anti-human lysozyme (Dakipatts) diluted 1 : 50 in TBS with 0.1% BSA for 20hr. Subsequently, grids were incubated 60min in biotinylated goat anti rabbit IgG (Amersham) diluted 1 : 100 in TBS with 0.1% BSA. After this, sections were incubated 60min on streptavidin gold G10 (Amersham) diluted 1 : 50 in TBS with 0.1% BSA. After each step, the grids were briefly rinsed with TBS with 0.1% BSA. After the strepavidin gold step, the sections were jet washed with distilled water. Counterstain of the sections performed by uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed with JEM 100 CX II electron microscope. Observed results were as follow; 1. Secretory granules of mouse Paneth cells have a lysozyme immunoreactivity and also eosinophil leucocyte of rabbit applied for the positive-control stain, are well labeld with gold particles. 2. Normal rabbit Paneth cells have a lysozyme immunoreactivity restricted on the secretory granules. 3. Amount lysosomes containing myelin figures in the Paneth cells were significantly increased from 5th day after the common bile duct ligation. 4. Immunoreactivity of Paneth cell secretory granules were more activated on the 3rd day after the common bile duct ligation as compared with those of the normal animal. But the lysozyme immunoreactivity were decreased from the 5th day after the common bile duct ligation. 5. Considering the above finding, lysozyme contained Paneth cell are affected following of common bile duct ligation, whereas lysosomes containing myelin-figure do not exhibit any immunoreactive relationship with those of secretory granules.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1988

The ultrastructure of the sac and tail portion of the large ampullate gland and production of the silk materials in the orb web spider, Nephila clavata L. Koch, are studied with electron microscope. Large ampullate glands, the largest glands among the seven kinds of silk glands in this species, are composed of three parts which are the excretory duct, the storage sac and the convoluted tail. The wall of the sac is composed of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. In the cytoplasm of these cells several kinds of the secretory granules, which are commonly associated with the rough endoplasmic reticula and had characteristic crystalloid, are seen. According to the morphology and internal textures of these granules, the sac portion is subdivided into proximal(connected with the convoluted tail) and distal(connected with excretory duct) portion. Between these two portions, the proximal portion is longer than the distal by four times. Silk materials, being synthesized to the shape of secretory granules, within the glandular epithelial cell of the tail portion are released to the inner cavity by the mechanism of the eccrine secretion. These secretory granules are originated from the rough endoplasmic reticula of the glandular epithelial cells, whereas no Golgi complexes has been found in any of the cells which have been examined.