• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 1996

Introduction: Osteoporosis, the most common metabolic bone disorder, is a condition of reduced bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem and a significant cause of morbidity in postmenopausal women. Therefore family physicians as primary care physicians are in a key position for preventing and treating this disorder. So we studied the factors affecting to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 136 spontaneous postmenopausal women were participated in the study. They have measured spinal bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry from January 1992 to June 1995 at Yeungnam University Hospital. Age, height, weight, age at menarche and menopause, number of child and breast feeding child, history of oral pill ingestion, family history of osteoporosis, amount of milk and coffee ingestion, consumption of tobacco and alcohol and physical activity were assessed by qustionnaire and medical records. Results: The mean age is 55.2 and mean age at menopause is 47.9. Height, weight and physical activity were significantly positive correlated to bone mineral density. But age, duration after menopause and number of child were significantly negative correlated. Also age, height, weight, physical activity and duration after menopause were significantly correlated to % age-matched bone mineral density. In multiple regression analysis, which dependent variable is bone mineral density, duration after menopause, physical activity and weight were significant contributors. Duration after menopause is most the largest contributor. In multiple regression analysis, which dependent variable is % age-matched bone mineral density to adjust the age effect, physical activity and weight were significant contributors. Physical activity is most the largest contributor. Conclusions: Among factors affecting to BMD in postmenopausal women, physical activity and weight were more important factors. Therefore continuous physical activity is significant factor to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2012

This study evaluated the effect of fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids on bone characteristics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Weanling male rats were randomized to receive either a diet containing high fish oil (FO), fish oil blended with corn oil (FICO), or soy oil rich in n-6 fatty acids (SO) for 4 weeks. All diets provided 70 g/kg fat based on the AIN-93G diet. Growth and biomarkers of bone metabolism were analyzed, and femur bone characteristics were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After the dietary treatment, no significant differences among the diet groups were observed for serum concentrations of Ca, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, or osteocalcin. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly greater in FO-fed rats compared to that in the FICO and SO groups, whereas no difference in deoxypyridinoline values was observed, supporting the positive effect of a FO diet on bone formation. These results were accompanied by a significant increase in femur bone mineral density (BMD) in FO-fed rats. These findings suggest that providing fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids correlates with higher alkaline phosphatase activity and BMD values, favoring bone formation in growing rats.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-109
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• 1998

This study was carried out to identify the Important modifiable risk factors for reduced bone mass and to construct prediction model which can classify women with either low or high bone mass. Through the literature review, individual characteristics such as age, body weight, height, education level, family history, age of menarche, postmenopausal period, gravity, parity, menopausal status, and breast feeding period were identified and factors of life style such as past milk consumption, past physical activity, present daily activity, present calcium intake, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, coffee consumption were identified as influencing factors of reduced bone mass in women. Four hundred and eighty women aged between 28 and 76 who had given measurement bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absortiometry in lumbar vertebrae and femur from July to October, 1997 at 4 general hospitals in Seoul and Pusan were selected for this study. Women were excluded if they had a history of any chronic illness such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, hyperthroidism, & gastrointestinal disorder and any medication such as calcium supplements, calcitonin, estrogen, thyroxine, antacids, & corticosteroids known affect bone. As a result of these exclusion criteria, four hundred and seventeen women were used for analysis. Multiple logistic regression model was developed for estimating the likelihood of the presence or absence of reduced bone mass. A SAS procedure was used to estimate risk factor coefficient. The results are as follows For lumbar spine, the variables significant were age, body weight, menopause status, daily activity, past milk consumption, and past physical activity(p<0.01), while for femoral Ward's triangle, age, body weight, level of education, past milk consumption, past physical activity(p<0.001). Past physical activity, present daily activity and past milk consumption are the most powerful modifiable predictors in vertebrae and femur among the predictors. When the model performance was evaluated by comparing the observed outcome with predicted outcome, the model correctly identified 74.1% of persons with reduced bone mass and 84.5% of persons with normal bone mass in the lumbar vertebrae and 82.9% of persons with reduced bone mass and 75.0% of persons with normal bone mass in the femoral Ward's triangle. On the basis of these results, a number of recommendations for the management of reduced bone mass may be made : First, those woman who are classified as high risk group of the reduced bone mass in the prediction model should examine the bone mineral density to further examine the usefulness of this model. Second, the optimal amount of milk consumption and a regular weight bearing exercise in childhood, adolescence, and early adult should be ensured.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 1997

Steroid induced bone loss is a serious problem in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome especially in growing children. In order to evaluate whether $1-(OH)D_3$ (IL Sung Pharma.Co.) is effective in preventing steroid induced bone loss, we gave $0.5{\mu}g$ of $1-(OH)D_3$ for one year to forty patients with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome, receiving longterm prednisolone therapy (mean duration $50.12{\pm}29.40$ months). We checked the following markers before and after $1-(OH)D_3$ therapy. i.e. bone mineral density(BMD) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) at the 2nd to 4th lumbar spine, serum calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone(PTH), osteocalcin and urine pyridinoline(U-PYD). BMD($g/cm^2$) was increased even steroid therapy from $0.71{\pm}0.0\;to\;0.73{\pm}0.0$ (p<0.05). Lumbar spine BMD is a sensitive marker for evaluating steroid induced bone loss in children receiving longterm corticosteroid therapy and that $1-(OH)D_3$ appears to be effective in treating and preventing steroid induced bone loss.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine to which differences in the source of protein (soy vs casein) and of isoflavones in soy protein are responsible for differential effects of bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Thirty 21-d-old Sprague-Dawley young rats were divided into 3 groups: the control group was find a casein-based diet, the soy concentrate group was fed soy protein with totally reduced isoflavones content (isoflavone 0.07 mg/g protein), and soy isolate group was fed with a higher isoflavone content (isoflavone 3.4 mg/g protein) than normal. The animal was scanned to determine the BMD and BMC using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, Lunar Corporation, Madison, WI). The soy concentrate group had significantly higher total body calcium/weight and total mineral content/weight than the casein group. The soy isolate group had significantly greater total bone mineral density/weight, spine bone mineral density/weight, and femoral bone mineral density (in g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ than the control and soy concentrate group. The findings of this study suggest that soy protein and isoflavones in soy protein are beneficial for bone-formation in growing male rats. Therefore exposure to these soy protein and isoflavones early in life may have long-term health benefits for bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-44
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the changes of mandibular condyle by low calcium diet and the effects of irradiation on the bone in osteoporotic state. In order to carry out this experiment, 80 seven-week old Sprague-Dawley strain rats weighing about 150 gm were selected and equally divided into one experimental group of 40 rats and one control group with the remainder. The experimental group and the control group were then subdivided into two group and exposed to irradiation. The two irradiation groups received a single dose of 20 Gy on the jaw area only and irradiated with a cobalt-60 teletherapy unit. The rats in the control and experimental groups were serially terminated by fours on the 3rd, the 7th, the 14th, and the 21st day after irradiation. After termination, both sides of the dead rats mandibular condyle were removed and fixed with 10% neutral formalin. The bone mineral density of mandibular condyle was measured by use of dual energy X-ray bone densitometer(model DDX-alpha, Lunn Corp., U. S. A.). The mandibular condyle was radiographed with Hitex HA-80(Hitex Co., Japan). Thereafter, the obtained radiographs were observed, and the mandibular condyle was further decalcified and embedded in paraffin as the general method. The specimen sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, PAS and Rabbit Anti-Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-a observed by a light microscope. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the non-irradiated group with the low calcium diet, the bone mineral density of the condyle was markedly decreased after 14 days, and decrease the number of trabeculae of the condyle and resorption of the calcified cartilaginous zone were observed after 3 days. On microscopic observations, the number nd size of trabeculae were decreased after 7 days of experiment. 2. In the irradiated group with the low calcium diet, the bone mineral density of the condyle was markedly decreased after 14 days and resorption of the calcified cartilaginous zone and decrease the number and coarse of the trabeculae of the condyle were observed. These findings were extended rather than in non-irradiated group with low calcium diet. On microscopic observations, many osteoclasts were detected and the number and size of trabeculae were somewhat decreased after 7 days. Also there was degenerative changes of tissues of bone marrow on the 14th day but that condition was restored on the 21st day of experiment. 3. In the irradiated group with normal diet, the bone mineral density of the condyle was somewhat decreased with times and degree of decrease of the number of trabeculae was somewhat larger than in the non-irradiated group with normal diet. On microscopic observations, the tissues of bone marrow were atrophic and degenerative changes but that condition was restored on the 21st day of experiment. 4. In immunocytochemical findings, in the irradiated and non-irradiated groups with low calcium diet, negative or partial positive response to TNF was observed, but positive response in the normal diet groups.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.19B no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the evaluation parameters' osteoporosis predictability in accordance with measuring regions by analyzing the correlations between bone mineral density and trabecular patterns derived from different measuring regions. Experimental subjects were a total of 40 female patients after menopause aged over 40 years, and were classified into 20 control and 20 osteoporotic groups according to the T-score. Bone mineral density was measured on femoral neck, trochanter and ward's triangle by DEXA(Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry). We designated ROI(Region of Interest) with $50{\times}50$ pixel size on each measuring regions, and extracted trabecular patterns by using existing image processing method. We also selected a total of eight evaluation parameters that are categorized into structural(mean gray level, area, perimeter, thickness and terminal distance), skeletonized parameters(number, length) and fractal dimension. As a result, it was observed that area, perimeter, thickness, terminal distance, number, length and fractal dimension reflected the bone mineral density with high statistical validity(p<0.003). We also confirmed that the evaluation parameters could predict the osteoporosis more efficiently.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and fracture risk, is a major public health problem. The diagnostic methods for osteoporosis include simple radiography, bone scan, DXA (Dual energy X-ray Absortiometry) and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Optimal treatment and prevention of osteoporosis require modification of risk factors, particularly smoking cessation, adequate physical activity, and attention to diet, in addition to pharmacologic intervention. The estrogens and raloxifene both prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women, and the estrogens probably also decrease the risk of first fracture. There is good evidence that raloxifene prevents further fractures in postmenopausal women who already have had fractures and some evidence that estrogen does as well. Bisphosphonate prevents bone loss and reduces fractures in healthy and osteoporotic postmenopausal women and in osteoporotic men as well. Risedronate is more potent and has fewer side effects than alendronate and reduces the incidence of fractures in osteoporotic women. Calcitonin increases bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women and men with idiopathic osteoporosis, and also reduces the risk of new fractures in osteoporotic women. All of the agents discussed above prevent bone resorption, whereas teriparatide and strontium increase bone formation and are effective in the treatment of osteoporotic women and men. New avenues for targeting osteoporosis will emerge as our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of bone remodeling increases, although issues of tissue specificity may remain to be addressed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.236-241
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• 2005

To investigate the bioactivities of Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea Mig. Root (SVR), we studied the effect of a SVR methanol extract on the activity of bone metabolism. Spraque-Dawley three-week-old female rats were randomly assigned to groups as follows : non-supplemented rats and supplemented with SVR at 10, 50, 100 mg/kg bw/day. Every week determined weight gain and food intake, urine and blood examination of mineral content of calcium and phosphorus was performed each at experimental periods of 3 and 9 weeks respectively; bone mineral density and bone mineral content were also assayed. There were no significant differences in body weight or feed efficiency ratio levels. However, the biological value of calcium and phosphorus excretion in the group supplemented with SVR extract decreased significantly more than that in the group not supplemented with SVR extract. Also, spine BMD, femur BMC and pelvis BMC per weight were significantly greater on SVR extract supplemented groups than that of the control group. In conclusion, it might be expected that methanol extract of SVR does not impair the growth of rats and may improve bone metabolism in rats.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.429-434
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• 2016

This study was performed in order to identify the relation between bone nineral density and life styles of some of Korean colleage students. A total of 121 college students were assessed through bone mineral density test on femoral neck and lumbar spine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The survey about their lifestyles with a self-rating questionnaire, was conducted from September 2014 to November 2014. SPSS 18.0 Program was used for those research data analyses such as the frequency analysis, the cross analysis. The percentage of the osteoporisis, osteopenia and normal groups were 0.0%, 24.8% and 75.2%. BMI, Regular menstrual cycle, Walking and Regular exercise in adolescence were positively related with T-score. But Using time of electronic devices was negative related with T-score. It can be concluded that desirable life style in time of college students and adolescence is important for their bone health. The necessity of preparing guideline for preventing bone disease in old age connected with the school curriculum should be recognized to the public and educational authorities.