• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2008

In performance, digestibility and slaughter trials, a total of forty five male weaned lambs were used to examine the effects of monensin and live yeast supplementations on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters when the lambs were fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Animals were allotted to one of three treatment diets in a completely randomized design. The three treatment diets were: (1) basal diet (CON) with steam-flaked corn as a sole grain source, (2) basal diet supplemented with monensin (MO), and (3) basal diet supplemented with live yeast (LY). Total average daily intake (ADI) was unaffected by MO and LY supplementations. LY supplementation increased (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) by 13.1% compared with the CON diet. Both MO and LY supplementations resulted in a significant improvement (p<0.05) of feed efficiency over the CON diet (4.47, 4.68 vs. 5.05). Hemicellulose digestibility was higher (p<0.05) for lambs in the LY supplementation group (62.4%) as compared with the CON group (55.7%), but no differences were observed in digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). All carcass traits were not influenced by dietary supplementations. Ruminal pH in lambs fed the LY supplemental diet was more stable than that with the CON diet (6.57 vs. 6.17). Neither MO nor LY supplementation influenced the concentration of ruminal ammonia-N and total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and molar percentages of individual VFA. Plasma urea-N concentration was decreased (p<0.05) by MO and LY supplementations, while plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose and other blood parameters were unaffected. In conclusion, while both MO and LY supplementations had a positive impact on feed efficiency and LY supplementation stabilized ruminal pH and improved fiber utilization, none of the supplements had the capacity to significantly enhance the carcass characteristics.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.571-583
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• 2016

바이오제닉 아민은 주로 발효식품에 존재하는 미생물에 의해 발생하며, 종종 사람의 체내에서 심각한 독성을 나타내기도 한다. 따라서 바이오제닉 아민 비생성 균주의 선별을 위하여 순창군에서 제조된 전통 장류 200여 종으로부터 620종의 다양한 미생물을 분리하였고, 이중에서 다양한 생리활성 분석 및 바이오제닉 아민 생성여부를 조사하여 최종적으로 바이오제닉 아민 비생성 균주로써 Bacillus subtilis SCJ1을 선별하였다. 최종 선별한 SCJ1의 생화학적 특성과 16S rRNA 염기서열 분석을 통하여 Bacillus subtilis SCJ1로 명명하였다. Bacillus subtilis SCJ1의 산업적 적용이 가능한 최적배지 조성을 확립하기 위해 먼저 SCJ1균체 성장을 조사하였으며, 이를 기반으로 통계학적 방법인 반응표면 분석법을 사용하여 최적화를 수행하였다. 실험계획법은 배지 조성 성분의 선별을 위해 Plackett-Burman design을 사용하여 모델을 설정하였다. 실험 모델을 통하여 선별된 배지 성분으로는 molasses, yeast extract, peptone으로 예측되었으며, 배지조성에 대한 최적 농도를 설정하기 위해 중심합성계획법을 사용하여 최적화를 수행하였다. 최종적으로 예측된 배지 성분의 농도는 molasses 27.5 g/l, yeast extract 7.5 g/l, peptone 17.5 g/l로 예측되었고, 이때의 최대 균체량은 2.03704 g/l로 예측되어 모델의 검증실험을 통한 예측 모델과 실제 결과가 동일함을 확인하였다. 또한, 기본 배지와 균체량을 비교하였을 때 1.32 g/l에서 1.9722 g/l로 약 49.4% 증가하였고, 효소활성과 항균활성 또한 증가함을 확인하였다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2004

목질진흙버섯의 균사생육에 적합한 배지로는 MYA(malt yeast agar)와 SMS(soybean flour malt extract sugar)이며, MYA를 기본배지로 사용하였다. 균사생육은 $30^{\circ}C$의 온도와 pH는 5.0에서 생장이 양호하였다. 영양원으로는 malt extract 2%, yeast extract 0.2%와 $KH_{2}PO_{4}$ 0.1% 상태에서 균사생장 및 밀도가 양호하였다. C/N비는 10 : 1의 비율이 가장 적합하였다. 삼각플라스크배양을 위해서는 용기부피 300 ml Shake flask에 100 ml의 배양액을 넣고 $5{\sim}6$개 균사체 절편을 접종하여 20일간 배양하면 높은 고립상의 균체를 양호하게 증식시킬 수 있었다. 대량 액체종균 배양을 위해 접종원을 균질기로 분쇄하여 통기량 2.0 vvm의 조건에서 12일 배양하면 높은 균사의 생장을 보였고 접종에도 수월하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2006

Fifty castrated crossbred ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) pigs, weighing an average of $60.6{\pm}3.1kg$ were allotted to one of five treatments in a randomized block design to examine the effects of dietary inclusion of 0.1% L-carnitine (50 ppm carnitine), 0.1% selenium-enriched yeast (0.3 ppm selenium), 0.1% Jujube fruit or 0.1% Hwangto (Red clay) on pig performance and carcass quality. All diets were based on corn, wheat, soybean meal and wheat bran and were formulated to supply 13.8 MJ DE/kg. Dietary supplementation did not influence daily gain (p = 0.57), feed intake (p = 0.52), or feed conversion (p = 0.32). Digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.60), organic matter (p = 0.74), crude protein (p = 0.76), crude fibre (p = 0.70) and energy (p = 0.75) were also unaffected by inclusion of any of the additives. Tissue samples taken from the longissimus muscle showed that the levels of carnitine (p = 0.0001) and selenium (p = 0.0001) were significantly higher with dietary inclusion of carnitine or selenium-enriched yeast. Dietary treatment did not affect dressing percentage (p = 0.33), carcass lean yield (p = 0.99) or first, $10^{th}$ and last rib midline backfat depth (p = 0.45, 0.82 and 0.47, respectively). Dietary treatment also did not affect the percentages of tenderloin (p = 0.37), bacon (p = 0.36), fat and bone (p = 0.56), picnic shoulder (p = 0.25), skirt (p = 0.80), fresh ham (p = 0.31) or ribs (p = 0.79). However, pigs fed the diet containing Jujube fruit had a higher percentage of Boston butt than pigs fed the carnitine or selenium supplemented diets (p = 0.01). Pigs fed added Hwangto had a higher (p = 0.04) percentage of loin compared with pigs fed supplementary selenium or Jujube fruit. Loin muscle from pigs fed carnitine had a significantly lower Hunter colour value for L (whiteness, p = 0.004) and a higher value for $a^*$ (redness; p = 0.069). The overall results indicate that supplementation with L-carnitine and selenium-enriched yeast can produce pork containing higher levels of carnitine and selenium, which could provide health benefits for consumers of pork without detrimental effects on pig performance.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.516-521
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• 1999

충북 영동 지역에서 1998년 수확한 포도 (Campbell Early)의 수확시기별 평균 당도와 산도는 8월 15일에 각각 $11{\pm}0.5^{\circ}Brix,\;1.1{\pm}0.3%$이었고, 8월 30일에는 $12.0{\pm}0.4^{\circ}Brix,\;1.0{\pm}0.2%$, 9월 15일에는 $13.5{\pm}0.4^{\circ}Brix,\;0.8{\pm}0.2%$, 9월 30일에는 $16.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}Brix,\;0.7{\pm}0.1%$로 나타났으며, 야생효모량은 평균 $4{\sim}8{\times}10^5\;cells/g$으로 나타나 포도주 발효를 위해서는 가당과 효모첨가가 필요한 것을 알 수 있었다. 8월 30일경 수확한 포도로 초기 당농도를 $24^{\circ}Brix$, 초기 효모농도를 $5{\times}10^6\;cells/mL$로 하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킨 경우 9일만에 발효가 종료되어 최종 14.7% (v/v)의 알코올 함량을 나타내었으며, 산도와 pH는 각각 $0.9{\pm}0.2%,\;3.3{\pm}0.2$로 발효 중에 거의 변화가 없었다. 반면 효모를 첨가하지 않은 경우는 약 15일만에 발효가 종료되었으며 알코올 함량은 최종 14.4% (v/v)로 효모 첨가구와 비슷하게 나타내었다. 그러나 발효개시 2일 경과 후에 발효가 일어나기 시작하여 잡균오염에 의한 이상발효의 우려가 있었다. 살균 및 색소추출의 목적으로 potassium metabisulfite를 300 ppm 첨가한 등외품 포도즙의 일반세균수는 $10^3c\;ells/mL$, 500 ppm 첨가한 것은 $10^2\;cells/mL$ 수준이었고, 첨가하지 않은 경우는 $10^8\;cells/mL$ 수준이었으며, 전발효 종료시 알코올 생성은 모두 14% (v/v) 정도로 비슷하였다. 포도주의 숙성기간 중 잡균 오염 방지를 위해 potassium metabisulfite를 40 ppm 이상 첨가하였을 때에는 포도주의 색이 탈색되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.556-566
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to determine the appropriate supplementation level of lactic acid bacteria (LAB; Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus clausii), yeast (Saccharomyces cariocanus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus) for degrading free gossypol and glucosinolate in the fermented total mixed ration (TMR) containing cottonseed meal (CSM) or rapeseed meal (RSM), to improve the utilization efficiency of these protein sources. Methods: For LAB, L. plantarum or B. clausii was inoculated at 1.0×10⁸, 1.0×10⁹, 1.0×10¹⁰, and 1.0×10¹¹ colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. For yeast, S. cariocanus or W. anomalus was inoculated at 5×10⁶, 5×10⁷, 5×10⁸, and 5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM, respectively. The TMR had 50% moisture and was incubated at 30℃ for 48 h. After fermentation, the chemical compositions, and the contents of free gossypol and glucosinolate were determined. Results: The results showed that the concentration of free gossypol content was reduced (p<0.05), while that of the crude protein content was increased (p<0.05) in the TMR containing CSM inoculated by B. clausii (1×10⁹ CFU/kg DM) or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM). Similarly, the content of glucosinolate was lowered (p<0.05) and the crude protein content was increased (p<0.05) in TMR containing RSM inoculated with B. clausii (1×10¹⁰ CFU/kg DM) or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/g DM). Conclusion: This study confirmed that inclusion of B. clausii with 1.0×10⁹ or 1.0×10¹⁰ CFU/kg DM, or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM) to TMR containing CSM/RSM improved the nutritional value and decreased the contents of anti-nutritional factors.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.304-311
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• 2024

식품공전 시험법은 식품기초규격 적부 판정, 수거검사의 적부판정, 수입식품의 적부판정 등의 판단근거가 되기 때문에 식품산업에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 도시락, 밀키트, 된장에 오염된 일반세균, 대장균군, 효모, 곰팡이, 대장균을 분리하기 방법으로 사용되는 평판배지법, Petrifilm법, Compact Dry법을 이용해 각각의 세균을 분리하였고, 회수율을 비교하였다. 식품 내 자연균총(일반세균, 효모/곰팡이, 대장균군)검출은 평판배지 PCA, PDA, DCLA와 Petrifilm AC, YM, CC의 성능을 Compact Dry TC, YMR, CF와 비교하였다. 인위접종한 대장균(E. coli)의 경우는 평판배지 EMB, Petrilfilm EC, Compact Dry EC의 검출능을 비교하였다. 본 실험결과, 일반세균, 대장균군, 대장균의 검출에서 Compact Dry법은 기존의 평판배지법 및 건조배지법과 비교하여 식품 내 각각의 세균수를 계수하는데 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 또한, 평판배지법과 Compact Dry간의 상관관계 및 Petrifilm과 Compact Dry간의 상관관계 역시 1에 가까운 높은 값을 확인하였다. Compact Dry법은 미생물 분석을 위해 배지 준비 과정이 필요 없으며, 접종 후 자체 확산이 가능하여 사용하기 쉽고, 공간을 효율적으로 사용할 수 있으므로 기존의 배지를 사용하는 방법에 비해 많은 장점을 제공하였다. 따라서 식품 중 일반세균, 대장균군, 대장균의 검출을 위한 Compact Dry법(Compact Dry TC, CF, EC)은 기존의 식품공전 상 등재된 다른 건조필름법을 대체 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2010

This study investigated the cultural characteristics of Shimizuomyces paradoxus in different nutritional and environmental conditions. The highest mycelial growth was observed in Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract agar medium, and the optimal temperature and pH were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 8.0, respectively. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were 1% dextrose and 1% peptone in agar. However, in liquid culture the highest dry mycelium weight was found for the potato dextrose agar and potato sucrose agar broths. The optimum inoculum size was five mycelial discs (5 mm) per 100 mL of broth, and the optimum liquid culture period was 25 days. This is the first ever report of S. paradoxus cultural characteristics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1053-1056
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• 2011

Optimal conditions for a high cell density fermentation were investigated in a recombinant Escherichia coli producing salmosin, a platelet aggregation inhibitor. The optimized carbon and nitrogen sources were glycerol 10 g/l, yeast extract 30 g/l, and bacto-tryptone 10 g/l, yielding the dry cell weight (DCW) of 10.61 g/l in a 500 ml flask culture. The late-stage induction with 1% L-arabinose in a 5 l jar fermentor showed the highest DCW of 65.70 g/l after 27 h of the fed-batch fermentation. Around 2,200 mg/l of the protein was expressed as an inclusion body that was then refolded to obtain the active salmosin of 96 mg/l. We also confirmed the inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation of the active salmosin from the high cell density fermentation.