• 제목/요약/키워드: Dry washing

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Functional Finishing of Cotton Fabrics by Treatment with Chitosan

  • Shin, Youn-Sook;Min, Kyung-Hye;Jang, Jeong-In
    • 한국가정과학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국가정과학회 1997년도 가정과학회 총회 및 학술대회
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    • pp.33-37
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    • 1997
  • Cotton fabric was treated with chitosan solution by pad-dry(-cure) method to impart antimicrobial properties. Four chitosans of different degree of deacetylation(DAC: 65~95%) with similar molecular weight(ca. 50, 000) and one chitosan oligomer(MW 1, 800, DAC 86%) were used. Antimicribial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by the Shake Flask Method. Treated fabrics were laundered up to 20 times according to AATCC Test Method 60-1986 and antimicrobial activity of laundered fabrics was evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was increased with the concentration and DAC of chitosan used. And the cured samples showed better durability to laundering than not-cured samples. Crosslinker and binder decreased the antimicrobial activity of fabrics treated with chitosan oligomer and were not effective to improve the durability to washing.

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젖소 유방염 관리에 따른 세균 및 체세포수 등급 실태 조사 분석 (Analytical studies of bovine mastitis management by standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC))

  • 허정호;정명호;박영호;조명희;이주홍
    • 한국동물위생학회지
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.285-300
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    • 1998
  • 1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

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부산지역 초등학교 급식시설,설비의 소독실태 및 영향요인 -영양사, 조리종사원 및 급식소 특성에 따른- (Disinfection State and Effective Factors of Foodservice Facilities and Utilities of Elementary Schools in Busan -Based on the Characteristics of Dietitian, Employee and Foodservice-)

  • 김지현;김이선;한지숙
    • 대한영양사협회학술지
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.34-46
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    • 2004
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate disinfection state and effective factors of foodservice facilities and utilities of elementary schools in Busan area. Foodservice facilities and utilities investigated in this study were ceiling, wall, floor, trench, greasetrap, hood, pest and dumb waiter. The questionnaire which was administered to 196 dietitians was used as a survey method. The results were as follows. The washing method of foodservice facilities and utilities was mainly used by detergent washing-natural dry. The disinfection method of foodservice facilities and utilities was mainly sanitized by sodium hypochlorite. Dumb waiter and hood were sanitized by 70% ethyl alcohol and iodine. In washing and disinfection frequencies of foodservice facilities and utilities ceiling was twice/year, wall, hood and pest control facilities were once/week, floor, trench, greasetrap and dumb waiter were everyday, respectively. Floor, trench, greasetrap and dumb waiter were disinfected properly, whereas ceiling, wall, hood and pest were not disinfected properly. The washing method was related to dietitian's marital status and education. The disinfection state was related to dietitian's age and career, having of sanitation check list. The disinfection method was also affected dietitian's marital status, number of employee, duration of foodservice, number of total serving and having of sanitation check list. Therefore based on the results of this study, it should be given to the microbiological study on disinfection of facilities and utilities such as ceiling, wall, floor, trench, greasetrap, hood, pest and dumb waiter and the dietitian and employee's sanitation training also should be conducted continuously.

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드럼세탁기용 세제 특성에 따른 세탁포의 주관적 태평가 및 선호도에 관한 연구 (Subjective Hand and Preference of Washed Fabrics according to Detergent of Drum Type Washer)

  • 유효선;노의경;주정아;오영기;조기헌;곽상운
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.57-67
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study is to find out the better washing condition, especially on detergent contents to satisfy the consumer's concern on fabric hand using Drum Type Washer. The hand and preference of washed fabrics by various detergent contents were analyzed through subjective evaluation using questionnaire method in dry and wet state. Wine rank's semantic differential scale questions were developed with 27 kinds of adjective pairs and seven rank's scale questions were to evaluate preference of washed fabrics oil holistic touch, washing and rinsing effect and purchase intention of detergent. Group of trained panelists and untrained women panelists of $30{\sim}40$ years old were participated. The factors affecting consumer's taste for the washed fabrics were analyzed by SPSS 12.0. Smoothness showed relatively higher correlation with preference of washed fabrics on holistic touch, washing and rinsing effect and purchase intention of detergent. There were significant differences in preference of washed fabrics on holistic touch, washing and rinsing effect and purchase intention of detergent by detergent contents when tested in wet state. Fabrics washed with detergents of non-zeolite were appeared to be the preferred ones.

A Study on Microbial Contamination of Foods Exposed to Multiple Environments

  • KIM, Dan-Bee;CHA, Seong-Soo
    • 식품보건융합연구
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    • 제5권3호
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    • pp.35-40
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    • 2019
  • In this study, general bacterial counts and coliform counts, which are hygienic indicator microorganisms, were tested for candy, chocolate, and jelly which are easily available and enjoyed around. After dropping each sample on the desk, indoors, and outdoors, it is immediately collected, or washed and collected to confirm the myth of the 3-second rule. Immediately after removing the wrapping paper, each sample was dropped on the desk, indoors, and outdoors, and after 3 seconds from the moment of contact with the surface, and then collected in a sample bag using sterilized sanitary gloves. After the same operation, each sample was rinsed for 5 seconds using sterilized sanitary gloves and sterilized distilled water, and then collected in a sample bag. The number of bacteria detected in non-washing candies was 41 CFU/g at outdoor and the number of bacteria detected in non-washing chocolate was 76 CFU/g at outdoor. The number of bacteria detected in non-washing jellies was 79 CFU/g at outdoor. Coliform group was not detected in all samples. This showed good results at the level of m = 10,000 or less, which is an allowable value suggested in the Food Code. Also, effect of washing on contaminated food was confirmed. This result is remarkably low compared with the microorganism specimens shown in Food Code, and it is confirmed that contamination occurs but not high value. Therefore, the myth of the 3-second rule is true compared to the figures based on Food Code. However, it showed the characteristics of bacteria that could survive and cross-contaminate on dry food surfaces and emphasized the importance of hygiene through food contact to unsanitary surfaces to minimize the risk of food poisoning.

서울지역 일부 급식학교 편식기 중 합성세제 잔류양 및 미생물 오염도에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Residual Surfactants and the Microbial Contaminants on Stainless dishes)

  • 황순녀
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제8권4호
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    • pp.241-249
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    • 1993
  • This study was performed to investigate the remainity of synthetic surfactant (LAS) by HPLC and the microbial contamination on stainless steel dishes. For the maintenance and the improvement of school lunch program's safety, the remainity of synthetic surfactants (LAS) on stainless steel dishes washed with auto dishwasher was investigated by HPLC, and the microbial contamination on same dishes was surveyed. The results were as follows: (1) The remainity of synthetic surfactant (LAS) a) The residue of LAS was very small because of the repeated washing of dishes by strong pressurized water. b) The remainity range of LAS on stainless steel dishes was 2.1~7.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dish. The remainity of general surfactants was higher in cold water then warm water. The amount of residual general surfatants was 5.95 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dish in cold water, and 2.95 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dish in warm water. There was no difference of the remainity of special surfactants by water temperature. The amount of residual surfactants was 3.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dish. c) There was no difference of residue amount by washing times. (2) The microbial contamination after washing with general surfactants. 1) The mean MPN of E. coli was 203(53~345) on 1 hr, 19(6~28) on 2 hrs, in cold water, and 1100(only 1 dish of 1 school) on 1 hr, 24(6~42) on 2hrs. 2) After washing with general surgactants the mean of contamination by general microbials was 956(25~2300)on 1 hr, 694(45~2500) on 2 hrs. in cold water and 803(5~2300) on 1 hr, 671(5~2500)on 2 hrs. After washing with special surfactants the mean of contamination by general microbials was 788(136~2900) on 1 hr, 1122(15~3000) on 2 hrs, in cold water and 537(5~2000) on 1 hr, 88(15~150) on 2 hrs in warm water. (3) Like the results of this study, the good washing methods of stainless steel dishes for school luch program were as follows. First, for washing stainless steel dishes, the use of special surfactants was recommended at 30~4$0^{\circ}C$ water. Second, at 7$0^{\circ}C$ water, the rinsing of dishes was recommended. Third, the final rinsing at 8$0^{\circ}C$ combined with simple disinfection and dry was recommended.

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공산품 소비제품의 경고표시가 소비자행동에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Warning Labels of Consumption Goods on Consumer Behavior)

  • 양덕순;송인숙
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제43권4호
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    • pp.141-159
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of warning labels of consumption goods on consumer behavior and the consumers' evaluation in order to suggest a policy of warning labels and the Product Liability Law. The following items which are somewhat risky but are used in everyday the were selected: cup noodles, one-touch can foods, washing machine, microwave range, dry cell, hydro-oxygen detergent, baby-walker, and block-toys. Data were collected from 345 respondents by internet survey with the following results. (1) The average score of the effects of warning labels on consumer behavior was so low that warning labels are not considered effective, especially in block-toys, dry cell, and baby-walker. (2) Consumers' evaluation scores on the character size, design and sticking place of warning labels were very low. Therefore an effort to make warning labels more effective is needed.

방전 프라즈마 화학반응을 이용한 유해물질의 분해 (Decomposition of Hazardous Gaseous Substances by Discharge Plasma)

  • 우인성;황명환;산외번장
    • 한국안전학회지
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    • 제11권4호
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    • pp.79-83
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    • 1996
  • In this study, in attempt to develop a new application technique of discharge plasma, we employed a kind of discharging method called SPCP ( short for Surface discharge induced Plasma Chemical Process). Applications of SPCP have been widely used for years. Compact ozonizers to deodorize household equipments like refrigerators we a part of such applications. We took advantages of the compactness and durability of the SPCP electrode to set up an experimental apparatus for decompositing vapor of aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, benzene and xylenes, which are major substances given off In painting or washing processes and aggravate working conditions. Results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. 1) Aromatic hydrocarbon vapors of up to 2,000ppm were almost thoroughly decomposed at the flow rate of 4ℓ/min or lower under the discharge with electric power of 400 Watts. 2) In dry air, as the decomposition progresses, tar-like substance deposits on the discharging areas, which deteriorated the decomposition rate in the end. This substance, however, was almost thoroughly removed by keeping discharge in dry air containing no solvent vapor.

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의류제품의 소비자 불만원인에 대한 연구 -사고 의류제품 원인규명 시험의뢰 사례를 중심으로- (A Study on the Causes of Consumer Complaints towards Apparel Products -Based on Laboratory Test Cases-)

  • 한은주;조성교
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제37권7호
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    • pp.864-873
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    • 2013
  • This study analyzed the correlation between the sources of the complaints and various factors such as gender, garment type, fabric type, textile material and washing methods for products. This survey utilized a total of 2,609 consumer apparel product complaint cases filed with the Korea Consumer Agency between 1997 and 2009. In regards to consumer liability: it was found that more incidents of failures due to carelessness were reported among men's clothes, knitted garments, cotton clothes, polyester clothes, wool blend clothes, pants, shirts, sportswear, and laundry only clothes. In regards to dry cleaner's liability: women's goods, woven clothes, silk clothes, cotton blend clothes, jackets, shirts and hanbok, and dry clean only clothes indicated problems more frequently. In regards to manufacture's liability: women's clothes, woven clothes, wool clothes, silk clothes, wool blend clothes, polyester blend clothes, formal dress clothes, jackets, hanbok, and dry clean only clothes indicated problems more frequently. This study provides consumers with information necessary to take preventive measures and basic information that can be utilized to improve the quality of production and services by understanding the sources of dissatisfaction, type of clothes found with problems, and the main causes of consumer complaints for garment products according to who is liable.

적송수피 색소 성분의 화학적 조성과 섬유 염색성 (Dyeabilities with Various Fabrics and Chemical Composition of Brown Colorants from Pine Bark)

  • 김용숙;배순이
    • 한국의류산업학회지
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.138-146
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    • 2013
  • Chemical compositions and biological functions of brown colorants extracted from pine bark(Pinus densiflora) have been studied. Dyeing test using multifiber fabrics with extracted colorants were preliminary carried out. Dyeing conditions and fastness tests of selected fabrics have been also studied. The brown colorants were produced 1.5% concentrations by solvent extraction from milled pine bark using methanol. The colorants were extracted with 80% methanol as best choice by a criteria of solid quantity and dyeability on fabrics. The chemical compositions were identified as mixtures of taxifolin epicatechin and procyanidin by LC/MS analysis. The brown colorants could be dyed not only natural fibers such as cotton, silk and wool but also synthetic fiber as nylon and semi-synthetic fiber as viscose rayon. Maximum K/S values was shown at 400 nm according to different fiber with color appearance of redish brown. Optimum pH and temperature of dyeing conditions was 4 and above $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The brown colorants had a strong antioxidant activity compared to Butylated hydroxyanisole as standard and weak antimicrobial activity against E. coli. compared to kanamycin. Washing, rubbing, perspiration, dry cleaning and light fastness for cotton, nylon and silk dyed with the brown colorants were carried out by KS K method. Most of color fastness such as washing, rubbing, perspiration, and dry cleaning were represented as 4-5 grade. However, light fastness was reported as 2-3 grade. From this studies, brown colorants produced pine bark have a high potentials for natural dyeing on fabrics with antioxidant activity.