• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.286-292
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of various cooking methods (boiling, steaming, stir-frying, and roasting) and three cooking times (5, 10, and 15 min) on the antioxidant properties of red pepper. Raw and cooked peppers were measured for proximate composition, ascorbic acid (AsA) content, total carotenoid content (TCC), total polyphenol content (TP), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. Results showed that the proximate composition, AsA content, TCC, TP, and antioxidant activities were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the cooking procedure; the loss rate varied among individual compounds. Boiling and steaming significantly reduced AsA content (24.3~66.5%), TP (13.9~54.9%), and antioxidant activity (21.7~60.5%) in red pepper, while stir-frying and roasting slightly reduced AsA content (2.7~25.9%), TP (1.8~4.9%), and antioxidant activity (4.9~17.9%). The highest loss was observed after boiling, followed by steaming, roasting, and stir-frying. Stir-frying and roasting better preserved AsA content, TCC, TP, and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, dry-heat cooking methods such as stir-frying and roasting may be preferred to retain the nutrient compositions and antioxidant properties of red pepper.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.350-351
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of reflective film(RF) mulching on the growth and flowering of snapdragon 'Fujinoyuki' in greenhouse cultivation. On the spectroradiometry of mulching materials in the wavelength zone of 300nm to 1100nm, 85% of total light source was reflected from RF, while over 95% was absorbed into black polyethylene film(BL). Under plant canopy, light, air temperature, and leaf temperature were higher on the RF mulching than BL, but soil temperature and soil heat flux were higher under the BL. Primary plant growth such as dry weight, stem hardness, lodging, and transpiration was superior when using RF mulching. RF mulching accelerated the plants to bloom about 12 days earlier with admirable cut flower quality.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2020

In this study, the effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) treatment at room and high temperatures (RT and HT of 400℃) on friction and wear behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) were investigated. The objective of this study is to improve the mechanical properties and frictional behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by UNSM treatment. Dry friction and wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disk method at RT with a bearing steel as the counter ball. Due to the high HT and UNSM treatment, the surface hardness tended to increase and surface roughness tended to reduce. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that nanocrystallization structure and compressive residual stress were formed at the surface layer after UNSM treatment at both RT and HT. After UNSM treatment, it was observed that the wear rate was reduced by about 6% for the specimen treated at RT and a 28% reduction for the specimen treated at HT in comparison with the untreated one. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the damage caused by fatigue wear occurred in the wear track of the heat-treated specimen, and it is believed to be the cause of the highest wear rate. Mechanical properties and wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were improved and prospect of industrial application was confirmed. Further research is still required to improve the characteristics of SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy to the level of wrought Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.955-961
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• 2013

This study aimed for the scientific approach of Korean traditional house, so called Hanok, by analyses of structural elements and thermal environmental performance. Hanok is a very unique vernacular architectural style of the Middle East Asia that fits with climate conditions of the Korean Peninsular, designed to withstand high temperature and humidity in summer and cold and dry in winter seasons. In order to evaluate thermal environment of Hanok, its sectional structure such as floor, wall, roof structure and Ondol which is Korean traditional floor heating system, was built in 3D, as well as heat transfer mechanism of its composing elements was analyzed through 3 dimensional steady state analysis. The results of the thermal environmental performance of Hanok will be used as a basic datum of design guidelines for accomplishing ecologic housing fitted with local climate.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.317-329
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• 2017

Ocean mixed layer (OML) depth affects diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) induced by change of solar radiation absorption and heat budget in ocean. The diurnal SST variation can lead to convection over the ocean, which can impact on localized precipitation both over coastal and inland. In this study, we investigate the OML characteristics affecting the diurnal cycle of SST for the Korean Peninsula and surrounding areas. To analyze OML characteristics, HYCOM oceanic mixed layer depth (MLD) and wind field at 10 m from ERA-interim during 2008~2016 are used. In the winter, MLD is deeply formed when the strong wind field is located on perpendicular to continental slope over deep seafloor areas. Besides, cooling SST-induced vertical mixing in OML is reinforced by dry cold air originated from Siberia. The OML in summer is shallowly distributed about 20 m. In order to estimate the impact of OML model in high resolution NWP model, four experimental simulations are performed. At this time, the prognostic scheme of skin SST is applied in NWP to simulate diurnal SST. The simulation results show that CNTL (off-OML) overestimates diurnal cycle of SST, while EXPs (on-OML) indicate similar results to observations. The prediction performance for precipitation of EXPs shows improvement compared with CNTL over coastal as well as inland. This results suggest that the application of the OML model in summer season can contribute to improving the prediction for performance of SST and precipitation over coastal area and inland.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.48-57
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• 1982

In order to improve the quality of traditionally sun-dried red peppers and to increase the efficiency of drying performance, three types of solar dryers were designed and built, and drying performance of the solar dryers was compared to traditional sun drying. Results obtained from the experiment are summarized as fallows: 1. The air temperature and relative humidity profiles over a 8-hour period measured at the specified locations in the drying chamber of solar dryers appeared to have large variation in each dryer. The rate of drying increased with the temperature rise in the drying chamber of the solar dryer. 2. In general. drying with solar dryers proceeded faster than traditional sun drying. With A'-type of solar dryer developed in the second experiment it was possible to dry red peppers in seven days from an initial moisture content of 80% to safe storage conditions. The drying time with the A'-type solar drier was 50% shorter compared to traditional sun drying. 3. Red peppers appeared to have an increasing or constant-rate drying period until the weight of the product was reduced to about one half the initial weight, followed by a falling-rate drying period. When the dried red peppers were exposed to the atmospere during the night, the moisture content increased as much as 6%, which is much higher than for the grains. 4. It was suggested from the experiment that either a heat storage system or a supplemental heating system in the solar dryer was desirable for more efficient drying operation. 5. It was shown that the solar dryer developed in this study may be suitable for drying other vegetables and fishes, and also offered additional advantages of saving in drying time, maintaining sanitation and minimizing contamination by dust, insects and unfavorable weather condition.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2006

Nano and micro capsulation (NM capsulation) involve the incorporation for nanofood materials, enzymes, cells or other materials in small capsules. Since Kim D. M. (2001) showed that a new type of food called firstly the name of nanofood, which means nanotechnology for food, and the encapsulated materials can be protected from moisture, heat or other extreme conditions, thus enhancing their stability and maintaining viability applications for this nanofood technique have increased in the food. NM capsules for nanofood is also utilized to mask odours or tastes. Various techniques are employed to form the capsules, including spray drying, spray chilling or spray cooling, extrusion coating, fluidized bed coating, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion and rotational suspension separation. Each of these techniques is discussed in this review. A wide variety of nanofood is NM capsulated - flavouring agents, acids, bases, artificial sweeteners, colourants, preservatives, leavening agents, antioxidants, agents with undesirable flavours, odours and nutrients, among others. The use of NM capsulation for sweeteners such as aspartame and flavors in chewing gum is well known. Fats, starches, dextrins, alginates, protein and lipid materials can be employed as encapsulating materials. Various methods exist to release the ingredients from the capsules. Release can be site-specific, stage-specific or signaled by changes in pH, temperature, irradiation or osmotic shock. NM capsulation for the nanofood, the most common method is by solvent-activated release. The addition of water to dry beverages or cake mixes is an example. Liposomes have been applied in cheese-making, and its use in the preparation of nanofood emulsions such as spreads, margarine and mayonnaise is a developing area. Most recent developments include the NM capsulation for nanofood in the areas of controlled release, carrier materials, preparation methods and sweetener immobilization. New markets are being developed and current research is underway to reduce the high production costs and lack of food-grade materials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.204-210
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• 2016

This study examined the effect of supplementing exogenous cellulase on nutrient and energy utilization. Twelve desexed Boer crossbred goats were used in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with 23-d periods. Dietary treatments were basal diet (control, no cellulase), basal diet plus 2 g unitary cellulase/kg of total mixed ration dry matter (DM), and basal diet plus 2 g compound cellulase/kg of total mixed ration DM. Three stages of feeding trials were used corresponding to the three treatments, each comprised 23 d, with the first 14 d as the preliminary period and the following 9 d as formal trial period for metabolism trial. Total collection of feces and urine were conducted from the 4th d of the formal trial, and gas exchange measures were determined in indirect respiratory chambers in the last 3 d of the formal trial. Results showed that cellulase addition had no effect (p>0.05) on nutrient digestibility. Dietary supplementation of cellulase did not affect (p>0.05) N intake and retention in goats. Gross energy (GE) intake, fecal energy and urinary energy excretion, heat production were not affected (p>0.05) by the cellulase supplementation. Total methane emission (g/d), $CH_4$ emission as a proportion of live weight or feed intake (DM, organic matter [OM], digestible DM or digestible OM), or $CH_4$ energy output ($CH_4$-E) as a proportion of energy intake (GE, digestible energy, or metabolizable energy), were similar (p>0.05) among treatments. There was a significant (p<0.001) relationship between $CH_4$ and live weight (y = 0.645x+0.2, $R^2$ = 0.54), $CH_4$ and DM intake (y = 16.7x+1.4, $R^2$ = 0.51), $CH_4$ and OM intake (y = 18.8x+1.3, $R^2$ = 0.51) and $CH_4$-E and GE intake. Results from this study revealed that dietary supplementation of cellulase may have no effect on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, energy metabolism, and methane emission in goat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1095-1104
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• 2015

To evaluate the effects of the pelleting and the addition of sodium monensin on production, the chemical and lipid composition of milk and butter physical characteristics, 4 Holstein dairy cows (135 days of lactation) with an average milk production of 14.7 kg/d, were supplemented with a concentrate containing ground canola seeds. The cows were assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments: i) ground maize, soybean meal, mineral and vitamin supplements, and ground canola seeds (CG); ii) CG concentrate with 31.5 mg of monensin added per kg of dry matter (DM); iii) CG pelleted concentrate; iv) CG concentrate with monensin addition pelleted. There was no difference in milk production and composition. The addition of monensin increased milk concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the PUFA/saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio, and omega 6. The pelleting increased the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, the PUFA/SFA ratio, and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio, but decreased the concentration of SFA. The association between pelleting and the addition of monensin increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acids by 46.9%. The physical characteristics of butter were not affected by the evaluated diets. We concluded that the concentrate with 31.5 mg of monensin added per kg DM basis combined with the pelleting improves the lipid composition of milk from Holstein cows that are on pasture and supplemented with ground canola seeds, without changing the production, milk composition, and spreadability of butter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1293-1302
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• 2014

The aim of study was to determine the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of forty-one Saanen, intact male kids with initial body weight (BW) of $5.12{\pm}0.19$ kg. The baseline (BL) group consisted of eight kids averaging $5.46{\pm}0.18$ kg BW. An intermediate group consisted of six kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of $12.9{\pm}0.29$ kg. The remaining kids (n = 27) were randomly allocated into nine slaughter groups (blocks) of three animals distributed among three amounts of dry matter intake (DMI; ad libitum and restricted to 70% or 40% of ad libitum intake). Animals in a group were slaughtered when the ad libitum-treatment kid in the group reached 20 kg BW. In a digestibility trial, 21 kids (same animals of the comparative slaughter) were housed in metabolic cages and used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the energetic value of the diet at different feed intake levels. The net energy for maintenance ($NE_m$) was $417kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of empty BW (EBW)/d, while the metabolizable energy for maintenance ($ME_m$) was $657kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of EBW/d. The efficiency of ME use for NE maintenance ($k_m$) was 0.64. Body fat content varied from 59.91 to 92.02 g/kg of EBW while body energy content varied from 6.37 to 7.76 MJ/kg of EBW, respectively, for 5 and 20 kg of EBW. The net energy for growth ($NE_g$) ranged from 7.4 to 9.0 MJ/kg of empty weight gain by day at 5 and 20 kg BW, respectively. This study indicated that the energy requirements in goats were lower than previously published requirements for growing dairy goats.