• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.331-334
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• 2002

Culture conductivity and on-line NADH fluorescence were used to measure cellular growth in plant cell suspension cultures of Podophyllum hexandrum. An inverse correlation between dry cell weight and medium conductivity was observed during shake flask cultivation. A linear relationship between dry cell weight and culture NADH fluorescence was obtained during the exponential phase of batch cultivation In a bioreactor under the pH stat (pH 6) conditions. It was observed that conductivity measurement were suitable for biomass characterisation under highly dynamic uncontrolled shake flask cultivation conditions. However, if the acid/alkali feeding is done for pH control the conductivity measurement could not be applied. On the other hand the NADH fluorescence measurement allowed online-in situ biomass monitoring of rather heterogenous plant cell suspension cultures in bioreactor even under the most desirable pH stat conditions.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1980

Threshing operation may be one of the most important processes in the paddy post-production system as far as the grain loss and labor requirement are concerned . head-feeding type threshers commercially available now in Korea originally were developed for threshing dry paddy in the range of 15 to 17 % in wet basis. However, threshing wet-paddy with the grain moisture content above 20 % has been strongly recommended, especially for new high-yielding Indica -type varieties ; (1) to reduce high grain loss incurred due to the handling operations, and (2) to prevent the quantitative and qualitative loss of milled -rice when unthreshed grains are rewetted due to the rainfall. The objective of this study were to investigate the adaptability of both a head-feeding type thresher and a throw-in type thresher to wet-paddy , and to find out the possiblilities of improving the components of these threshers threshing. Four varieties, Suweon 264 and Milyang 24 as Tongil sister line varieties, minehikari and Jinhueng as Japonica-type varieties, were used at the different levels of the moisture content of grains. Both the feed rate and the cylinder speed were varied for each material and each machine. The thresher output quality , composition of tailing return, and separating loss were analyzed from the sampels taken at each treatment. A separate experiment for measurement opf the power requirement of the head-feeding type thresher was also performed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. There was a difference in the thresher output quality between rice varieties. In case of wet-paddy threshing at 550 rpm , grains with branchlet and torn heads for the Suweon 264 were 12 % and 7 % of the total output in weight, respectively, and for the Minehikari 4.5 % and 2 % respectively. In case of dry paddy threshing , those for the Suweon 264 were 8 % and 5% , and for the Minehikari 4% and 1% respectively. However, those for the Milyang 23 , which is highly susceptable to shattering, were much lower with 1 % and 0.5% respectively, regardless of the moisture content of the paddy. Therefore, it is desirable to breed rice varieties of the same physical properties as well as to improve a thresher adaptable to all the varieties. Torn heads, which increased with the moisture content of rall the varieties except the Milyang 23 , decreased as the cylinder speed increased, but grains with branchlet didnt decrease. The damaged kernels increased with the cylinder speed. 3. The thresher output quality was not affected much by the feed rate. But grains with branchlet and torn heads increased slightly with the feed rate for the head-feeding type thresher since higher resistance lowered at the cylinder speed. 4. In order to reduce grains with branchlet and torn heads in wet-paddy threshing , it is desirable to improve the head-feeding type thresher by developing a new type of cylinder which to not give excess impact on kernels or a concave which has differenct sizes of holes at different locations along the cylinder. 5. For the head-feeding type thresher, there was a difference in separating loss between the varieties. At the cylinder speed of 600 rpm the separating losses for the Minehikari and the Suweon 264 were 1.2% and 0.6% respectively. The separating loss of the head-feeding type thresher was not affected by the moisture content of paddy while that of the Mini-aged thresher increased with the moisture content. 6. From the analysis of the tailings return , to appeared that the tailings return mechanism didn't function properly because lots of single grains and rubbishes were unnecessarily returned. 7. Adding a vibrating sieve to the head-feeding type thresher could increase the efficiency of separation. Consequently , the tailing return mechanism would function properly since unnecessary return could be educed greatly. 8. The power required for the head-feeding type thresher was not affected by the moisture content of paddy, but the average power increased linearly with the feed rate. The power also increased with the cylinder speed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.559-565
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different feeding regimen on the growth and nutrients excretion in finishing pigs. A total of 80 pigs (59.91 kg BW) and 6 pigs (85 kg BW) were employed in a growth trial and metabolic trial, respectively. Treatments were grower-grower (GG), grower-early finisher(GE), early finisher-early finisher (EE), and early finisher-late finisher (EL) diet feeding regimens for feeding trial and G, E, L diets for metabolic trial. Through whole experimental period, no significant difference was found in any of the criteria measured. Pigs fed on a GG regimen gained slightly faster than pigs fed on other feeding regimens, with no significant difference. Although there was a trend that pigs fed on a GG or GE regimen showed improved feed/gain over pigs fed on a EE or EL regimen, the difference also was not significant. In the metabolic trial, dry matter and phosphorus digestibility was not affected by diets, however, phosphorus digestibility tended to be decreased as nutrients contents was decreasing in the diets. Crude protein digestibility was significantly influenced by the nutrients contents in th diets. The data suggested that 11.7% crude protein seemed to be low for the 85 kg pigs. Though nutrients excretion was not significantly influenced by dietary treatment except phosphorus, there was a trend that pigs fed diets with low nutrient content excreted less amount of nitrogen and phosphorus than pigs fed diets with high nutrients content. There was a trend that GG or GE feeding regimen gad a favorable effect on carcass grade when only 10 lighter pigs of each treatment were subjected to statistical analysis. However, with 10 heavier pigs, EE and EL feeding regimen showed better carcass grade, though the difference was not significant. In summary, it seemed that producers generally oversupply the expensive nutrients for the finishing pigs. High nutrient diets do not always guarantee high growth rate of pigs. It rather seems that to meet nutrient requirements for the each growth phase is more important in economical pork production.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.94-99
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• 2011

본 연구는 잔디 관리에서 엽면시비를 통해 나타나는 잔디의 생육 및 품질을 조사하여, 잔디 관리 정보를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 연구 결과, 엽면시비 후 잔디의 시각적 품질 및 밀도, 클로로필 함량이 높아졌다. 잔디밀도는 대조구에 비해 평균 2.8개/$cm^2$ 높았으며, 여름철 장마기에는 평균 3개/$cm^2$ 이상 높았다. 또한, 벤트그래스 그린에서 시각적 품질 및 클로로필 함량, 식생지수가 1년 내내 균일하게 유지되었으며, 갱신작업이나 건조피해 후에도 관주시비 처리구의 잔디보다 엽면시비 처리구의 잔디 회복속도가 현저히 빠른 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 결과를 통해 엽면시비가 잔디의 지상부에 영양분을 신속하게 제공하여 잔디 생육을 단기간에 높이는 효과가 있다는 점을 알 수 있었으며, 이는 잦은 잔디 깎기로 양분의 유실이 많은 그린에서 유용하며, 특히 뿌리 길이가 짧아 시비의 효과가 낮은 하절기의 그린관리에 매우 실용적인 관리프로그램이 될 것으로 예상된다. 하지만, 본 연구에서 잔디의 뿌리 길이 생육에 관해서는 관주 시비구와 엽면 시비구의 차이를 확인하기 어려웠으며, 엽변 시비프로그램의 특성상 시비 횟수가 늘어나는 점에 대해서도 생각해 보아야 한다. 마지막으로, 토양 분석결과에서 시비 전후 토양의 화학성에 큰 변화가 없다는 점은 토양 염류의 축적이 예방된다는 측면에서 큰 장점이 될 수 있으나 양분의 결핍이 쉽게 올 수 있다는 점에서 위험 요인이 될 수도 있다. 본 연구를 통해, 국내에서도 엽면 시비를 보편적인 시비방법으로 정착시킬 필요성을 느끼며, 이를 위해서는 시비 횟수를 줄이는 것과 같은 실용성을 높이기 위한 추가 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.973-979
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• 2005

The present study was planned to examine the effect of different feeding regimens on milk urea concentration and milk protein concentration. The objectives are to describe the diurnal variations of milk urea (MU) concentration and to predict plasma urea (PU) concentration from MU concentration. Six lactating Murrah buffaloes were distributed in two groups and were fed two different diets in a crossover design. The diets consisted of leguminous crops as diet 1 (berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)+concentrate mixture 1+wheat straw)) and non-leguminous crops as diet 2 (oats (Avana sativa)+concentrate mixture 2+wheat straw). All the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed to the animals for a period of 28 days, followed by a 10 day gap to obviate the carry over effect of the previous diet and then a switch over to the other diet. Digestibility trials were conducted on the last 7 days of each feeding period. Milk samples were collected on day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28 of the feeding period and blood samples were collected on the same day at morning within 30 minutes after morning milking. The average milk urea (MU) values (mg/dl) differed significantly (p<0.01) and were 44.83${\pm}$0.62 and 42.53${\pm}$0.73, respectively, for diets 1 and 2. Milk urea concentrations (mg/dl) also varied (p 0.01) among the days of feeding period, but were stabilized after 10th day of feeding period. In contrast, diets and days of feeding period had no significant effect on percent milk protein. Plasma urea concentration showed a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation (r = 0.93) with MU concentration. To predict the PU from MU the following equation was developed 'PU = 10.67${\pm}$0.76${\times}$MU (mg/dl) with $R^2$ = 0.87'. A clear diurnal variation of MU was found with lowered morning value (42.04${\pm}$0.68 mg/dl) than the evening value (45.32${\pm}$0.66 mg/dl). Present findings suggested that MU or PU concentration could be used as an indicator to monitor the feeding strategy. Plasma urea can be predicted from MU, whenever interpretation of milk urea data required consideration of diurnal variation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.157-161
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• 1988

To study the effect of moisture content of the diet on drinking behaviour and the amount of water drunk, observations were made on 8 Holstein steers fed either fresh cut forage or first cut hay. The observations were made in a barn with a mean temperature of about $13^{\circ}C$. Drinking occurred mainly within 3 hours after feeding for the steers fed hay, while those fed soilage drank casually. Frequency of drinking (F) was related to the dry-matter concentration (DMC, %) of herbage: F = 0.47 (${\pm}0.09$) DMC - 6.5, $SE={\pm}0.4$, r = 0.86, P<0.01. Intake of drinking water for each 100 kg of live weight (IDW/100kg) for steers fed soilage was related to the dry-matter concentration: IDW/100kg = 0.55 (${\pm}0.06$) DMC - 8.7, $SE={\pm}0.3$, r = 0.94, P<0.01. The intake of water in each drinking period for animals fed fresh forage was curvilinearly related to the drinking frequency; for the hay-fed steers there was a negative linear relationship. When the drinking frequency for steers fed the fresh forage increased to the same as that observed for the hay, water intake in each drinking period was the same as found for the hay-fed steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.680-684
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• 1998

The effect of feeding heifers young Napier grass (7-weeks regrowth) or old Napier (16-weeks regrowth) supplemented with either wilted Desmodium intortum, Sesbania sesban or dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves on intake and live weight changes was evaluated in a 67-day trial. Thirty-two Friesian heifers with an average live weight of 271 kg and 16.8 months old were randomly allocated to the four diets. The diets were either ad libitum young Napier grass or old Napier grass supplemented with 25% of either Sesbania, Desmodium or Calliandra. There was significant difference in chemical composition between the young and old Napier grass. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed on intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre. The total dry matter intake was 2.77, 2.86, 2.62 kg/100 kg live weight (LW) for Desmodium, Calliandra and Sesbania supplemented diets, respectively. A dry matter intake of 3.11 kg/100 kg LW was observed on the heifers fed young Napier grass. The mean daily gains were 638, 732, 606, and 1,001 g/day for Desmodium, Calliandra, Sesbania supplemented and young Napier grass diets respectively. Low level supplementation rate (1-1.5 kg DM/day) was adequate to maintain good growth rate when the heifers were fed old Napier grass.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.16.1-16.11
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• 2018

Background: In their first days of life, dairy calves in artificial rearing systems often have difficulty using an artificial teat for feeding. Methods: We examined the age at which calves are able to stand up voluntarily and suckle as well as their suckling behavior when presented with a plain dry teat versus a dry teat modified with a presumably attractive odor or taste substance. Single-housed newborn dairy calves (n = 51) were presented for ten consecutive days with a two-minute two-choice test, in which suckling time was recorded for 1) a plain (control) teat versus a glucose-coated teat (taste test) and 2) a plain teat versus a teat with a "Freshly Cut Grass" odor (odor test). Results: On average, the calves were able to stand up voluntarily and suckle from the second or third day of age on. The "Freshly Cut Grass" odor had no significant effect on their suckling behavior. In contrast, the calves showed a significant preference for suckling the glucose-coated teat and displayed a significantly longer total suckling time in the taste test compared to the odor test. There were no significant differences between sexes regarding suckling behavior. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that glucose had a significant effect on the calves' teat preference and significantly increased total suckling time with a dry artificial teat. As such, glucose may increase suckling motivation in non-efficient drinkers or ill calves with low motivation to suckle.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 1985

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 예취시기(刈取時期)를 달리하여 조제(調製)된 건초(乾草)를 이용(利用)하여 예취시기(刈取時期)와 섭취량(攝取量)이 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토(檢討)하였다. 목초(牧草)는 6월(月) 4일(日)(영양생장기(榮養生長期))과 6월(月)30일(日)(출수기(出穗期))에 예취(刈取)된 1 번초(番草)로 건초(乾草)를 조제(調製)하였으며 이 건초(乾草)는 제한급여(制限給與)와 수준(水準)으로 급여(給與)하였다. 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다 1. 예취시기(刈取時期)가 지연(遲延)됨에 따라 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 조지방함량(粗脂肪含量)은 감소(減少)하였고, 섬유질(纖維質) 및 lignin함량(含量)은 증가(增加)하였다. 2. 조기예취건초구(早期刈取乾草區)와 만기예취건초구(晩期刈取乾草區)의 건물섭취량(乾物攝取量)은 각각(各各) $82g/W_{kg}^{0.75}$과 $68g/W_{kg}^{0.75$이였다. 3. 조기예취건초구(早期刈取乾草區)에서 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식간(自由採食間)의 건물소화율(乾物消化率)에서는 유의차(有意差)가 없었으며, 배분상태(排糞狀態)를 고려(考慮)하지 않은 무제한급여(無制限給與)에서는 현저하게 감소하였다. 그리고 조단백질(粗蛋白質), 유기물(有機物) 및 섬유질소화율(纖維質消化率)에서도 유의차(有意差)는 없었으나 자유채식(自由採食)했을 때가 감소(減少)하는 경향을 보였다. 4. 만기예취건초구(晩期刈取乾草區)의 경우 조단백질소화율(粗蛋白質消化率)을 제외한 전성분(全成分)의 소화율(消化率)이 섭취량(攝取量)의 증가(增加)에 따라 유의(有意)하게 감소(減少)하였다. (P<0.05 혹은 P<0.01) 5. 조기예취건초구(早期刈取乾草區) 와 만기예취건초구간(晩期刈取乾草區間)의 소화율(消化率)을 비교하면 1%수준(水準)의 유의차(有意差)가 있었다.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2002년도 창립 30주년 International Symposium
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.