• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2005

Effect of blanching and/or $CaCl_2$ addition on the quality characteristics of Oiji prepared by dry salting method, which has been used for industry, was investigated. Control$(15\%\;salt),\;CAO(15\%\;salt\;+\;0.04\%\;CaCl_2)$ and BCO $(15\%\;salt\;+\;0.04\%\;CaCl_2+blanching\;at\;60^{\circ}C\;for\;20\;min)$ for 165 days. Acidity was lower, but pH was higher in BCO than in the control or CAO. During the whole period of storage, greenness(-a) of BCO was maintained in Hunter color system, compared with the other groups. The numbers of total microbes, lactic acid bacteria and yeast were the lowest in BCO, while the highest in control. Moreover, texture profile analysis exhibited that fracturability and hardness maintained the highest in BCO during storage, compared with the other groups. Based on these results, combination of blanching and $CaCl_2$ addition is favorable to extend the shelf life and to maintain the good quality.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2008

Black garments can lose color, image, and be the main cause of color staining when washed with other laundry that can cause color contamination from interaction with other garments. To know the fiber-based dye fastness for colored garments, 4-5 pieces of various fibers of different fabrics were selected; cotton, linen, wool, silk, rayon, acetate, polyester, and nylon. To determine the colorfastness to washing and crocking, the black fabrics were washed with alkali and neutral detergents under the Laund-O-Meter method under the Crockmeter method. In an alkali detergent laundering conditions, most colored samples did not undergo color or light fastness. However, most of the stained fabrics slightly changed in K/S values while other samples underwent severe changes. With neutral detergent laundering, sample fabrics underwent less shrinking, and had less naps. The stained fabrics also underwent less change in K/S values. With time-repeatedly-washing the original sample went through colorfastness to lose color. In crocking fastness, most samples produced good to excellent results under dry conditions but produced relatively low crocking fastness under wet conditions. Natural fibers especially showed lower crocking fastness than artificial fibers. In conclusion, garments of the same color should be laundered together. The black garments that are washed using neutral detergents can decrease the amount of damage from color change. While it is the responsibility of garment producers to provide appropriate quality indications they should also provide adequate instructions for consumers to understand and appropriately cope with the quality indications in order to contribute to establishing a correct laundering method.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.166-176
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• 2017

This study is fundamental research on how to be able to scientifically quantify and reproduce a natural dyeing procedure. By dyeing silk fabrics, the establishment of a reproducible dyeing method was sought. Juglans mandshurica has been known as one of the most widely used black vegetable dyes. Repetition conditions and combination dyeing were performed with Juglans mandshurica cortex, gallnut, clove, and Eclipta prostrata L. extracts to express a deep black color. Juglans mandshurica cortex, gallnut, clove, and Eclipta prostrata L. extracts were suitable for black coloration and showed a darker black color when combined with iron mordant. Specifically, Juglans mandshurica cortex and clove can be used for deep black coloring. Color fastness when washed or dry cleaned was found to be strong with a grade of 4-5 and fastness to light was rated at a 3-4. The grade of color change when exposed to rubbing and perspiration was good at a 4-5. In regards to functional property aspects, it showed excellent results with a 99% deodorization rate at 120 minutes of dyeing time, 97.1% UV protection rate, and 85.9% and 62.3% bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively. Therefore, it is considered that the extract from the Juglans mandshurica cortex is of great value as an eco-friendly, natural dyestuff.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.27
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• pp.121-132
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• 1996

This study showed the proper pigment extract in the Phe. Dyeing which is the basic dye of the natural plants dyeing,. Also it compared and examined the K/S the promotion of the color fastness and the effect of color difference change were attended by mordants and method of mordanting. 1. The most absorbance of Phellodendron. sol-ution is 330nm berberine is 430nm. 2. The best and proper temperature to extrat Phe,. was 80 and dyeing solution for 24 hours. 3. The pH effect was stable in the absorbances and color differences change. 4. Mordanted group increased the absorbances compared to non-mordanted sample. In case depth the most absorbance of Al. Sn. K. Cu and C. A solution were in 3% Fe and Cr were in 5%. In the color difference change they became dark reduced greenish and increased yellowish when their absorbances were in 3% 5. K./S was recoginzed by tainnin and fe, K/S was more increased pre-mordants than post-mordants. 6. Fe is the unchangable mordant in the color difference change and pre-mordants is more stable than post-mordants in the difference color. 7. Generally light C. F indicated more than grade 2 and light C. F, was much improved in post-mordanted by alumium potassium potass-ium dichromate. Washing C.F was improved in mordanted by tainnin and ferrous suulfate mordanted group was better than non-mordanted sample. Perspir-ation C,F was more stable in acid than alkali. Dry cleaning C.F indicated more than grade. 4.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.19-27
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• 2002

This paper surveys the mordanting and dyeing properties of Sophora japonica L. Appropriate extraction, dyeing and mordanting condition of Sophora japonica L. were determined, and the effect of mordanting method on dye uptake and color fastness of dyed fabric was investigated. The maximum absorbance of Sophora japonica L. solution was 367.6mn, rutin solution was 365.6mn. The color of Sophora japonica L. solution was affected at pH 2 and pH 8~9. The optimum temperature to extract Sophora japonica L. was during 1 hour in 8$0^{\circ}C$. The effective dyeing temperature and time of silk were 10$0^{\circ}C$, 60min. K/S value of dyeing fabrics was increased by pre-mordanting treatment, especially Fe, Sn, Cr. In the case of Sophora japonica L. light fastness was increased by Fe mordanting. Perspiration fastness was better in acidic solution than that in alkaline solution. Fastness to rubbing and dry-cleaning were good in general.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2018

Different packaging methods and storage temperatures were tested to determine the storage stability of beef dry-aged for 21 days based on microbial, physicochemical, and sensory qualities. After completion of the dry aging, the dried surface of beef sirloin was trimmed off, and the beef was packaged using two different methods (oxygen-permeable wrap or vacuum packaging) and stored at different temperatures ($3{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ or $-23{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) for 0, 7, 14, or 21 days. Lipid oxidation and the sensory quality of the dry-aged beef were not affected by the packaging method and storage temperature during storage. No microbial growth was observed over the storage period in the vacuum-packaged dry-aged beef, regardless of the storage temperature. However, dry-aged beef in the oxygen-permeable wrap packaging showed microbial spoilage with 8.82 log CFU / g at day 7 of the refrigerated storage. The vacuum-packaged dry-aged beef showed the lowest values (p < 0.05) in $a^*$ and chroma at days 14 and 21 at $3^{\circ}C$, and days 7 and 14 at $-23^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that dry-aged beef with wrap packaging stored in refrigerated conditions should be consumed as quickly as possible due to microbial growth. For long-term storage, dry-aged beef should be frozen because freezing can extend the color stability up to day 21 of storage without adverse effects on the hygienic or meat quality aspects of dry-aged beef.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of mordants and dyeing method : on the dyeability and color fastness of the fabrics with the extract from Gardenia. The following results were drawn from the data obtained. 1. The wavelengths of the strongest absolution bands of Amur cork tree, Gardenia extract was 440nm respectively and the wavelengths 440-460nm after the mordants were added in the color extracts(The bands of Gardenia extract shifts to short wavelength side as pH increased.). In all cases, the abosorbancies were increased. 2. The main color substances in extract from Gardenia were expected to be cretin respectively by spectrophotometric and HPLC studies. 3. As to the concentration of color extract for dyeing, about 20g/L was the optimum concentration to dye silk and cotton fabrics with extract. 4. For silk and cotton fabrics dyeing with Gardenia extract, $SnCl_2$ was the best mordants. The K/S values of dyed fabrics were increased gradually as the concentration of mordants increased, and the highest K/S values were obtained at 5-10%. When using the mordanting methods, silk fabric by premordanting and cotton fabric by synmordanting had a greater effect K/S value. 5. The color fastness of fabrics dyed with Gardenia extract against dry cleaning, washing, rubbing and perpiration was improved 1 level or so but light fastness was remained 1 level showing without any effect.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.757-762
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• 2013

This study was conducted to develop a processing method for dry-curing beef ham with Korean traditional sauces and to investigate the quality properties of the dry-cured beef hams. Semitendinosus muscle from Hanwoo was spread with sundried salt (C), sun-dried salt mixed with red pepper paste (T1), and sun-dried salt mixed with soybean paste (T2), and inserted into washed Hanwoo large intestine. It was then dried and fermented for 75 d. Moisture contents of the hams were 46-48%, without any significant differences. T1 showed the lowest pH among the three dry-cured hams, while water holding capacity (WHC) of T2 was found the lowest (p<0.05). In mechanical color determination, C showed higher CIE $a^*$ and CIE $b^*$ than T1 and T2 (p<0.05), however CIE $L^*$ did not show any significant difference. In texture, T1 demonstrated significantly lower springiness than C (p<0.05). The sensory properties of all dry-cured hams did not show any significant difference, but T1 indicated a higher taste, saltiness and overall acceptability than others, whereas C gathered the highest score in color and flavor. In conclusion, the dry-curing by combination of sun-dried salt mixed with red pepper sauce (T1) showed higher quality properties of the Hanwoo dry-cured ham.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.8 s.99
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• pp.154-160
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• 2005

For the purpose of standardization and practicability of natural dyeing, the mordanting and dyeing properties of Puerariae Radix was studied. Appropriate extraction, dyeing and mordanting condition of Puerariae Radix were determined, and the effect of mordanting method on dye uptake and color fastness of dyed fabric was investigated. The maximum absorbance of Puerariae Radix solution was at 290nm and 301nm. The pH effect was stable in the color difference changes. The optimum temperature to extract Puerariae Radix was during 1 hour in loot. The effective dyeing temperature and time of silk were 80$\~$ 100$^{circ}C$, 1hour. The silk fabrics dyed with Puerariae Radix appeared yellow-brown. US value of dyeing fabrics was increased by Fe, and Cu mordant treatment. Mordanting treatment method affected color change of the dyed silk. In the case of Puerariae Radix light fastness of appeared more than 2-5 grades by mordant treatment. Perspiration fastness of appered more than 4 grades by Al, Sn, Cr mordant treatment. Fastness of abrasion and dry-cleaning appered more than 4-5 grades. These fastness improvement were generally effective for mordant treatment, specially Al, Sn, Cr.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1301-1307
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• 2002

This paper surveys the mordanting and dyeing properties of Rubia akane Nakai appropriate extraction, dyeing and mordanting conditions of Rubia akane Nakai were determined, and the effect of mordanting method on dye uptake and color fastness of the dyed fabric was investigated. The optimum temperature to extract Rubia akane Nakai was during 1 hour in 8$0^{\circ}C$. The effective dyeing temperature and time of silk were 8$0^{\circ}C$, 1hour. The silk fabrics dyed with purpurin appeared red color, with alizarine appeared yellow-brown and with Rubia akane Nakai appeared yellow orange. K/S value of the dyeing fabrics was increased by pre-mordanting treatment. Mordant as Sn and Fe was better than anything else in K/S value. Mordanting treatment method affected color change of the dyed silk. In the case of Rubia akane Ntkai light fastness was increased by Fe and Al mordant treatment, Perspiration fastness of Rubia akane Nakai appeared more than 3 grades geneally. Fastness of abrasion and dry-cleaning appeared mon than 4～5 grades and these fastness improvement were generally effective for post-mordanting treatment.