• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 1975

Penicillium sp I which produces a powerful hydrolysing enzyme was isolated from putrefid and dry Jerusalem artichoke medium. The strain was used to study on the optimum culture conditions for enzyme production. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Penicillium sp I was a vigorous strain to produce inulase. 2. The optimum culture conditions of the strain was examined in the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium and the synthetic medium. 3. Inulase productivity in the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium was higher than that of the synthetic medium. 4. The optimum culture period of the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium was four days, whereas that of the synthetic medium was five days. 5. The optimum temperature, pH and concentration in the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium were $30^{\circ}C$, 5.0 and 4.0% (W/V), respectively. Meanwhile, the optimum temperature, pH and concentration in the synthetic medium were $30{\sim}33^{\circ}C$, $5.0{\sim}6.0$, and $1.0{\sim}1.5%$ (W/V), respectively. 6. Corn steep liquor, peptone, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4,\;NH_4H_2PO_4,\;(NH_4)_2SO_4$, etc. were favorable as nitrogen sources. Of these, especially, Corn steep liquor and peptone as organic nitrogen sources caused an increase in inulase production in the synthetic medium. 7. All sugars except for inulin have no effect upon the inulase production. 8. KCl, $MgSO_4\;and\;FeSO_4$ were favourable mineral sources for inulase production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 1993

This research was conducted to assess the influence of humic or fulvic acid on Bentazone phytotoxicity using a bioassay with hydroponically grown cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis Makino). Concentrations of Bentazone in the water culture media were ranged from 0 to 32 ${\mu}M $ and those of the organic ligands were 1.0mM as a soluble carbon. Media were prepared in a complete factorial combination with pHs of 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5. The phytotoxicity indices on growth rate and dry weight decrement were employed to evaluate the effects of organic ligands on the Bentazone phytotoxicity. Humic or fulvic acid without Bentazone treatment enhanced the growth of cabbage and this effect was evident at low pH of 4.5. Bentazone led to chlorosis and necrosis on cabbage leaves resulting in the decreases of dry and fresh weights and growth rate. This phytotoxic effect was increased with Bentazone concentration and evident at low pH. At pH 4.5, dry weight was decreased about 63% with 8${\mu}$M of Bentazone treatment. Effective concentration of Bentazone causing 50% decreases in fresh weight as compared to the control was estimated to be 21${\mu}$M. Presence of organic ligand reduced the phytotoxicity of Bentazone to cabbage significantly by increasing yields and growth rates as compared to the treatment of Bentazone alone. At pH 4.5, fulvic acid reduced phytotoxicity of Bentazone upto 46%, and this efficiency of fulvic acid was better than that of humic acid under the same condition.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of magnesium concentrations in fertilizer solution on growth and cut flower quality of chrysanthemum 'Biarritz'. The nutrient concentrations in plant tissue and soil solution of root media were also determined. Magnesium deficiency appeared on older leaves with interveinal yellow-green chlorosis. Marginal chlorosis and necrosis also developed on some of older leaves. Elevation of Mg concentration in fertilizer solution increased cut flower weight at harvesting stage resulting in the 8.84g in 1.5mM treatment. Dry weight of whole above ground plant tissue increased as Mg concentrations in fertilizer solution were elevated within the range from 0 to 15mM, but that of 20mM decreased compared to 15mM treatment. The dry weight of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mM treatments were 8.42, 8.75 and 8.848 and tissue Mg contents of those based on the youngest fully expanded leaves at harvesting stage were 0.34, 0.53 and $0.71\%$, respectively. Based on dry weight and tissue Mg contents, Mg fertilization to maintain tissue contents higher than $0.64\%$ is necessary to ensure flower quality and yield. By considering the concentration in 15mM treatment, Mg concentration in soil solution of root media should be higher than $3.68mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at harvesting stage.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.76-84
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• 2022

In Korea, where rice is the staple food, there are many cases in which the nutritional composition of food is different at the same weight, even though the same ingredients are used and the food or food name is the same. The cause is closely related to the moisture content of the food according to the cooking method and cooking process. In order to design a diet tailored to individual health and supply accurate calories and nutrients, a method of expressing food data that is not affected by the cooking process or cooking method is required. Usually, the same ingredients or foods show a lot of deviation from the nutritional components presented in the standard food database due to the difference in moisture content. For this reason, there are problems that increase the complexity of the food ingredient database and the difficulty in using it. As a method to improve these problems, we would like to propose a food data expression method based on dry weight. As an example of this, the characteristics of rice as a food material and changes in major nutritional components according to the change in moisture of various rice-processed foods made from rice were considered. In addition, as an example of how to normalize food data through this, the dry weight-based nutrition label of rice was presented.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1980

During an extensive screening tests of yeasts for their RNA formation, it was found that Cryptococcus laurentii had especially high RNA content and high dry cell weight, when hydrolyzate of sliced and dried sweet potatoes was used as a carbon source. Growth conditions of this strain were examined, and the most desirable results were obtained at 48 hours of cultivation on a reciprocal shaker at 3$0^{\circ}C$ with initial pH 6.0. Under the above conditions, the RNA content and yield of dry cells were investigated using various media compositions. Ammonium sulfate 0.40%, peptone 0.6 ％, and yeast extract 0.4% were appeared to be favorable as a nitrogen sources. The optimum concentrations of K $H_2$P $O_4$, M $n^{++}$, C $O^{++}$ were 0.05 ％, 0.1 ％, and 0.001 ％, respectively. Ca-pantothenate, 400$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, showed relatively favorable effects as a growth factor. The maximum RNA content obtained in this study was 16.8 ％ of the total dry cell weight.t.t.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 1998

For mass production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), high cell density cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus by fed-batch culture under phosphate-limitation condition has been investigated. PHA accumulation by the regulation by the regulation of initial phosphate concentration could be automatically induced, and high density cell culture above 200 g/L also could be successfully produced. The production of Poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and dry cell weight increased with increasing the initial phosphate concentration. When the initial concentrations of phosphate were in the ranges of 1.5~4.5 g-PO$_4$/L, PHB and dry cell weight obtained were 83~266 g/L and 61~216 g/L, respectively, and PHB productivity was in the ranges of 1.35~3.10 g/L.h. When a mixture of glucose and propionic acid is used as carbon sources, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-poly-3-hydroxyvalerate), P(3HB-co-3HV), could be also successfully produced under phosphate limitation condition. When the mole ratio of propionic acid to glucose in the feeding solution is 0.22, a final dry cell weight of 150 g/L and a P(3-HB-co-3HV) of 90 g/L were produced. Morphological changes and size distribution of PHB granules synthesized in A. eutrophus under phosphate-limitation condition are determined by TEM during the course of fed-batch. Mean granule diameters of PHB produced are in the range of 0.36~0.39 $\mu$m, and mean cell size was elongated from 0.54~0.59 $\mu$m$\times$ 1.3~1.5 $\mu$m to 0.83~0.89 $\mu$m $\times$2.0~2.3 $\mu$m. Phosphate concentration in media did not affect size distribution of PHB granule and cell.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2004

To investigate the effect of charcoal on the physico-chemical characteristics in the growing media and the growth of oriental melon, six treatment, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% charcoal, were added into the growing media, Baroker. The value of pH in the charcoal contained growing media (CGM) was recorded higher and further increased by raising the charcoal ratio and by growing period. In 20% CGM, the range of pH was adequate to grow crop as 5.2${\sim}$5.8. Contents of Ca and K in CGM increased by raising the ratio of charcoal, while contents of Mg and Na decreased. The growth of oriental melon seedlings in 20% and 30% CGM was better than in other treatments, in terms of fresh and dry weight of shoot, plant height, leaf area, lear width and relative growth rate. Both the physico-chemical properties of growing media and the growth of oriental melon seedlings were changed by the addition of charcoal. These results suggest that charcoal can be used as mixing material with other potting media for producing the seedling of good quality.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.414-423
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• 2016

Growers in plug seedling production think that root media in which rockwool is a component has given rise to several environmental problems. Therefore, the demand for new materials as a substitute for rockwool has been increased. This study examined the possibility of cultivation of tomato plug seedlings using a newly developed growing medium with phenolic foam. Plug seeds of tomato cultivar 'Madison' were sown in four pellet-type growing media: Grodan rockwool (GRW), UR rockwool (URW), phenolic foam LC (LC) or phenolic foam LC-lite (LC-lite). Then, the seedlings were transplanted to the four cube-type growing media 19 days after sowing. Seeds were germinated in a growth chamber ($25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 80% relative humidity, and dark) for 4 days and then the seedlings were grown with a nutrient solution supplied by an overhead irrigation system in a greenhouse. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and fresh or dry weight of tomato seedlings were the greatest for the seedlings transplanted to URW cube media after being grown on LC-lite pellets. Root grade was the greatest for the seedlings transplanted on LC or LC-lite cube media after being grown on LC pellets. Chemical properties of all media tested for tomato growth were maintained within a stable range, while physical properties of URW showed high values in container capacity, air space, and total porosity. These results demonstrated that the phenolic foam media were effective for seedling growth and can substitute for rockwool as a root medium.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.142-145
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• 2007

Growth characteristics according to mixture ratio of used-rockwool in pot nursery, in Pinus densiflora, Torreya nucifera, Quercus acutissina and Fraxinus mandshurica nursery, was investigated. The used-rockwool on mixture ratio between used-rockwool and control (peatmoss: pearlite=1:1, v/v) were 0%, 30%, 50% and 70%. Flesh weight, dry weight and height of tree, in Pinus densiflora nursery, increased much more in 50% and 70% media but trunk diameter of tree had no difference according to mixture ratio. In Torreya nucifera nursery, flesh weight and height of tree in 70% medium and trunk diameter and numbers of shoot of tree in 50% and 70% media increased. Flesh weight, height and trunk diameter of tree, and chlorophyll (SPAD) and photosynthesis rate, in Quercus acutissina nursery, increased much more in 50% and 70% media, but dry weight of tree had only difference between non-mixed and mixed with rockwool. In Fraxinus mandshurica nursery, flesh weight and photosynthesis rate of tree increased much more in 70% medium, height, trunk diameter and total chlorophyll of tree had difference according to non-mixed and mixed with rockwool or had no only difference according to mixture ratio, respectively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.859-872
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• 2015

Pebble matrix filtration (PMF) is a water treatment technology that can remove suspended solids in highly turbid surface water during heavy storms. PMF typically uses sand and natural pebbles as filter media. Hand-made clay pebbles (balls) can be used as alternatives to natural pebbles in PMF treatment plants, where natural pebbles are not readily available. Since the high turbidity is a seasonal problem that occurs during heavy rains, the use of newly developed composite clay balls instead of pure clay balls have the advantage of removing other pollutants such as natural organic matter (NOM) during other times. Only the strength properties of composite clay balls are described here as the pollutant removal is beyond the scope of this paper. These new composite clay balls must be able to withstand dead and live loads under dry and saturated conditions in a filter assembly. Absence of a standard ball preparation process and expected strength properties of composite clay balls were the main reasons behind the present study. Five different raw materials from industry wastes: Red Mud (RM), Water Treatment Alum Sludge (S), Shredded Paper (SP), Saw Dust (SD), and Sugar Mulch (SM) were added to common clay brick mix (BM) in different proportions. In an effort to minimize costs, in this study clay balls were fired to $1100^{\circ}C$ at a local brick factory together with their bricks. A comprehensive experimental program was performed to evaluate crushing strength of composite hand-made clay balls, using uniaxial compression test to establish the best material combination on the basis of strength properties for designing sustainable filter media for water treatment plants. Performance at both construction and operating stages were considered by analyzing both strength properties under fully dry conditions and strength degradation after saturation in a water bath. The BM-75% as the main component produced optimum combination in terms of workability and strength. With the material combination of BM-75% and additives-25%, the use of Red Mud and water treatment sludge as additives produced the highest and lowest strength of composite clay balls, with a failure load of 5.4 kN and 1.4 kN respectively. However, this lower value of 1.4 kN is much higher than the effective load on each clay ball of 0.04 kN in a typical filter assembly (safety factor of 35), therefore, can still be used as a suitable filter material for enhanced pollutant removal.