• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.997-1002
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was to determine agronomic characteristics, and forge yield and quality responses of rye variety to location and year for a double-cropping system in South Korea. Five forage rye varieties ('Koolgrazer', 'Jlee select', '9909', 'Homill22', 'Danko') were evaluated for forage quality and yields during the two growing years (the First year; 2001-2002, and the Second year; 2002-2003) at two locations (the central and southern zone). The heading date of rye in the central zone (Cheonan) was 15 April, and that of the southern zone (Daegu) was 10 April. The heading dates of 'Koolgrazer', 'Jlee select' and '9909' were earlier than those of the others. Although the five varieties had resistance to foliar diseases and insects, these had less lodging resistance. Dry matter (DM) content, DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields had significant differences among rye varieties. DM and TDN yields of the rye varieties at the second year were higher than the first year in the central zone. In the southern zone, DM and TDN yields at the first year were lower than the second year. 'Jlee select' and '9909' had higher DM and TDN yields than the other varieties in both location and year except the first year of the central zone (p<0.001). The crude protein (CP) contents of rye grown in Cheonan were higher than Daegu. The CP content of 'Danko' variety was highest among tested varieties. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were greater for the varieties grown in Cheonan and in the second year. The ADF and NDF contents of 'Danko' were lowest, while 'Danko' in TDN and relative feed value (RFV) was highest among rye varieties. Our study showed that there are differences in forage production and quality from location to location, year to year and variety to variety. Therefore, forage quality and forage production are an important factor for screening forage rye varieties. Early maturing varieties should be recommended as high-yielding forage in a double-cropping system because their production of forage was greatest early in the season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.806-811
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• 2002

A 90 d study was designed to investigate the effects of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and a mixture of Cu, Zn and Mn proteinate (CZMP) on milk yield and composition and ovarian functions during rainy months. Twenty four Holstein${\times}$ indigenous cows in their 2nd and 3rd lactation were randomly allocated to total mixed rations (TMR) containing soy bean meal (SBM) as a source of rumen degradable protein (RDP), SBM plus CZMP, and formalin treated SBM (FSBM) as a source of RUP. Maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 83.6-84.7 and 75.4-76.1. There were no differences (p>0.05) in intakes of dry matter, crude protein and net energy and in contents of butterfat, lactose and minerals. Cows on TMR containing FSBM not only lost less weight (-278, -467 and -433 g/d) with more intake of RUP (0.92, 0.58 and 0.59 kg/d) but also produced more milk (19.27, 18.23 and 18.13 kg/d) and 4% fat corrected milk (18.57, 17.57 and 17.51 kg/d) with more protein (3.06, 2.81 and 2.80%), solids-not-fat (8.69, 8.38 and 8.38%) and less milk urea N (9.3, 15.4 and 15.0 mg/dl) compared with those on TMR containing SBM and SBM+CZMP, respectively (p<0.01). However, cows on TMR containing SBM and SBM+CZMP did not differ in these respects (p>0.05). Whereas incidence of cystic ovaries at 20 and 90 d pospartum was less (p<0.01) in cows on TMR containing SBM+CZMP (37.3 and 12.5%) than those on TMR containing SBM (62.5 and 25%), it was nil for cows on TMR containing FSBM. Cows in all three group differed (p<0.01) from each other for the recurrence of first observed estrus with those on TMR containing FSBM having least days (22, 36 and 47 d) compared with their counterpart on TMR containing SBM+CZMP and SBM, repectively. The results suggest that RUP is one of the limiting factors affecting milk yield and its composition and ovarian functions during early lactation of dairy cows in the tropics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1249-1254
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• 2000

A study was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium as nitrogen sources in commercial type supplements for dairy goats. Six crossbred $(Toggenburg{\times}Saanen)$ goats at late stage of lactation were allocated to three dietary treatments in a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The animals were offered rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum and supplemented with either Leucaena-based concentrate (LBC), Gliricidia-based concentrate (GBC) or commercial based concentrate (CC). Voluntary food intake, milk yield and composition and changes in live weight were measured. The total dry matter (DM) intake was higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC than CC (1385 vs 1331 g/d). The DM intake for LBC (1343 g/d) was similar to CC (1331 g/d). The DM intake of hay was also higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC (834 g/d) than those receiving LBC or CC (789, 782 g/d, respectively). Animals supplemented with GBC recorded positive (11 g/d) weight gain while the other groups lost weight (13, 19 g/d) for LBC and CC respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The composition of milk were: butterfat 58, 49 and 55 g/kg; crude protein 37.0, 35.4 and 36.1 g/kg; lactose 33, 29 and 30 g/kg; Ash 8.5, 8.5 and 7.9 g/kg and total solids 136.5, 121.9 and 129.0 g/kg, for goats fed LBC, GBC and CC respectively. There were no differences in the composition of milk due to these dietary treatments. At the end of performance trial, a digestibility trial was conducted using 6 female goats allocated to the three treatments (LBC, GBC and CC) in an incomplete randomized block design and each goat received a different supplement in each of two successive periods. There were no differences in nutrient digestibility except for DM, which was higher (p<0.05) in CC compared to the other treatments (615, 622, 720 g/kg for LBC, GBC and CC, respectively). Economic analysis showed that CC diet was more expensive (0.20 US$/kg) and had a lower margin over supplementation (0.11 US$) compared to LBC and GBC (0.13 vs 0.12 US$/kg and 01.5 vs 0.12 US$, respectively). It is concluded that the Leucaena and Gliricidia could contribute as nitrogen sources in compounded diet supplements without any detrimental effects on production in dairy goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2006

Twenty small-scale farms of two villages (A and B) were surveyed to identify the feeding traits, milk productivity and nutritional status of lactating cattle and buffalo in Terai, Nepal. Constituents and dry matter (DM) of feed supplied, body condition score (BCS), heart girth (HG), bodyweight (BW), milk yield (MY) and plasma metabolites were obtained in the pasture-sufficient, pasture-decreasing and fodder-shortage periods. Milk yield of 305-day lactation was estimated by the daily MY. The supplies of rice straw and native grass were lower and higher in the pasture-sufficient period than in the other periods, respectively (5.5 kg/day vs. 9.8 kg/day and 3.2 kg/day vs. 0.4 kg/day, respectively, p<0.01). The roughage-supplement rates of the animals were higher in village A than in village B (5.0 vs. 2.2 in cattle and 9.3 vs. 1.8 in buffalo, p<0.01). The variance of feed constituents among the periods and between the villages induced different supplies of CP, NDF and TDN. The concentrations of CP and TDN in the cattle feed were higher in the pasture-sufficient period than in the other periods (9.1% vs. 7.3% and 57.4% vs. 51.0%, respectively, p<0.01). The supplies of CP for cattle and buffalo, and of TDN for buffalo were lower in village A than in village B (7.5% vs. 8.7% and 6.6% vs. 9.1% [p<0.01], and 53.1% vs. 56.2% [p<0.05], respectively). The BCS, HG and BW of the animals were lower in village A than in village B (2.51 vs. 2.86, 156 cm vs. 170 cm and 300 kg vs. 318 kg, respectively in cattle, 2.83 vs. 4.00, 186 cm vs. 216 cm and 429 kg vs. 531 kg, respectively in buffalo, p<0.01). The cattle yielded more milk in the pasture-sufficient period than in the other periods (7.9 liters/day vs. 6.6 liters/day, p<0.01). The 305-day MY of cattle that calved in the fodder-shortage period was lower than that of cattle that calved in the other periods (1,900 liters vs. 2,251 liters, p<0.01). The MYs of cattle and buffalo were lower in village A than in village B (6.2 liters/day vs. 8.1 liters/day and 3.7 liters/day vs. 7.7 liters/day, respectively, p<0.01). The 305-day MY of cattle was lower in village A than in village B (1,935 liters vs. 2,409 liters, p<0.01). The concentrations of plasma albumin and urea nitrogen in cattle were lower in village A than in village B (3.2 g/dl vs. 3.4 g/dl [p<0.01] and 7.4 mg/dl vs. 10.2 mg/dl [p<0.05], respectively). The different supplies of CP, NDF and TDN among the periods and between the villages might have affected MY and nutritional status in cattle and buffalo. It was likely that the lower supplies of CP and TDN for cattle that calved in the fodder-shortage period and in village A lowered the 305-day MY of cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1605-1611
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• 2017

Objective: Following a previous report, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of increasing level of dried stoned olives pomaces (DSOP) in the diet of lactating buffaloes on milk and mozzarella cheese yield and characteristics. Methods: Sixteen pluriparous buffaloes distributed into two groups were fed an isoenergetic (0.9 milk forage unit/kg) and isoprotein (149 g/kg dry matter [DM] of crude protein) diet, with or without DSOP. Each animal received 17 kg DM/d. Samples of forages and concentrates were weekly collected and used for duplicate chemical analyses. Individual milk samples from each control were analyzed for chemical and coagulating parameters and daily production of mozzarella cheese was estimated. At the end of the trial, bulk milk of each group was processed to produce mozzarella cheese and chemical (fat, protein, ash, pH) composition, fatty acids composition, carotenoids and tocopherols content were determined. A sensory test was also performed. The oxidative stability was measured on mozzarella cheese and on governing liquid. Results: No significant differences were observed, neither for milk yield and body condition score, nor for milk characteristics. The fat was higher (p<0.05) in mozzarella of DSOP fed group but, saturated fatty acids were lower and unsaturated higher (p<0.01). Furthermore, lower atherogenic (p<0.01), and thrombogenic (p<0.05) indices were found in mozzarella cheese of DSOP fed group. In addition, the administration of DSOP did not affect the mozzarella cheese oxidative stability and no negative effect was found in the sensory properties. Conclusion: No contraindications appeared for the inclusion of DSOP in the diet of lactating buffaloes. Besides, important effects on mozzarella cheese quality were obtained, such as a modification of fat content and attributes with an increment in the mono-unsaturated. Additionally, a lower saturated/unsaturated ratio and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices suggest an improvement of dietetic and nutritional characteristics of mozzarella cheese.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.66-80
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• 1989

Salt injury in rice is caused mainly by the salinity in soil and in the irrigated water, and occasionaly by salinity delivered through typhoon from the sea. The salt concentration of rice plants increased with higher salinity in the soil of the rice growing. The climatic conditions, high temperature and solar radiation and dry conditions promote the salt absorption of rice plant in saline soil. The higher salt accumulation in the rice plant generally reduces the root activity and inhibits the absorption of minerals of rice plant, resulting the reduction of photosynthesis. The salt damages of rice plant, however, are different from different growth stage of rice plants as follows: 1. Germination of rice seed was slightly delayed up to 1.0％ of salt concentration and remarkably at 1. 5％, but none of rice seeds were germinated at 2.5％. This may be due to the delayed water uptake of rice seeds and the inhibition of enzyme activity, 2. It was enable to establish rice seedlings at seed bed by 0.2％ of salt concentration with some reduction of leaf elongation. The increasing of 0.3％ salt concentration caused to the seedling death with varietal differences, but most of seedlings were death at 0.4％ with no varietal differences. 3. Seedlings grown at the nursery over 0.1％ salt, gradually reduced in rooting activity after transplanting according to increasing the salt concentration from 0.1％ up to 0.3％ of paddy field. However, the seedlings grown in normal seed bed showed no difference in rooting between varieties up to 0.1％ but significantly different at 0.3％ between varieties, but greatly reduced at 0.5％ and died at last in paddy after transplanting. 4. At panicle initiation stage, rice plant delayed in heading by salt damage, at meiotic stage reduced in grains and its filling rate due to inhibition of glume and pollen developing, and salt damage at heading stage and till 3 weeks after heading caused to reduction of fertilization and ripening rate. In viewpoint of agricultural policy the overcoming strategy for salt injury is to secure sufficient water source. Irrigation and drainage systems as well as underground drainage is necessary to desalinize more effectively. This must be the most effective and positive way except cost. By cultural practice, growing the salt tolerant variety with high population could increase yield. The intermittent irrigation and fresh water flooding especially at transplanting and from panicle initiation to heading stage, the most sensitive to salt injury, is important to reduce the salt content in saline soil. During the off-cropping season, plough and rotavation with flooding followed by drainage, or submersion and drainage with groove could improve the desalinization. Increase of nitrogen fertilizer with more split application, and soil improvement by lime, organic matter and forign soil addition, could increase the rice yield. Shift of trans-planting is one of the way to escape from the salt injury.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2017

The Experiments were conducted by moderate season culture of each of early, medium and late maturing varieties which were considered to be of strong salt tolerance in low and high salty reclaimed areas (0.2% at the May). This study was carried out to investigate the proper nitrogen fertilizer level and seeding rates at reclaimed saline land in Korea. The proper seeding rates were $40kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 0.2% saline land. The dry matter production of barnyard millet was possibly estimated by exponential functions of $Y=0.0098X^2+0.7030X+2.6267$. Effects of nitrogen rate on agronomic characteristics, forage yield, and chemical composition of barnyard millet to reclaimed tidal land are summarized as follows: The proper nitrogen fertilizer level was $200kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 0.2% saline land. N was absorbed actively before the emergence of the barnyard millet but showed relative decrease thereafter. The early growth of the barnyard millet was inhibited, resulting in the favorable late growth, increased panicle weight and ratio of matured grain. These results suggest that barnyard millet is the most forage crops for cultivation on reclaimed tideland in view of the good emergence and forage production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.195-206
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of different environmental conditions and cultivation techniques on productivity of forage corn in central and southern area of Korea on 2017 and 2018. Average dry matter yield of forage corn at 34 cultivation regions was 13,510kg/ha. Forage productivity of forage corn cultivated at actual production sites have positive correlation with cultivation techniques(p<0.01) but not correlated with cultivation environments. Forage productivity of forage corn have positive correlation with seeding techniques(p<0.01) but not correlated with fertilization techniques. These results suggest that practices of cultivation techniques are more important than cultivation environments for increasing the forage productivity of forage corn. Therefore, yield prediction techniques of forage corn in Korea have to be considered the practices of cultivation techniques along with soil and climate conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application levels of swine waste and chemical fertilizer on productivity of corn and nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in Lysimeter containing sandy loam soil. Main Plots were consisted of two types of swine waste, such as swine slurry(SS) and compost of swine manure fermented with sawdust(CSMFS), and chemical fertilizer(CF) and the subplots were consisted of application levels of N-fertilezer, such as 100kgN/ha, 200kgN/ha and 400kgN/ha. Lysimeters were constructed with 1m depth, 30cm diameter. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. Dry matter(DM) yield of com enhanced as increased application levels of SS, CSMFS and CF. DM yield reveals that there is an increase in order CS > SS > CSMFS. 2. Nitrogen contents of the whole corn enhanced as increased application levels of SS, CSMFS and CF. Nitrogen content reveals that there is an increase in order CS > SS > CSMFS. 3. $NO_3^{-}$ and P contents in the leaching water increased as increased application levels of SS, CSMFS and CF. $NO_3^{-}$ content was highly elevated in the concentrated rainy season in the experimental early stage. However, P content was affected with the rainfall. The maximum $NO_3^{-}$ and P contents in the leaching water were 14.8ppm and 0.26ppm, respectively.ively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-428
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze winter cereal crops for harvest time, proper drying time and haylage quality in order to investigate the possibility of the production of good quality haylage substitute for hay. As a result, in case of productivity and feed value, dry matter yield and TDN yield was increased with late harvest and crude protein and NDF, ADF was decreased (p<0.05). To make haylage for whole crop barley, oats, triticale, whole crop wheat need more than 32 hour wilting time in the milk ripe stage, yellow ripe stage need about 8~24 hour, and wilting time did not need the full ripe stage. Rye does not suitable for making haylage because of difficulty pre-wilting time. In case of fermentative quality on haylage, pH was increased with late harvest on all winter cereal crop forage. Lactic acid content was decreased with late harvest (p<0.05), and highest in the milk ripe stage. Acetic acid was also decreased with late harvest, and butyric acid was not detected. In conclusion, to harvest sooner of winter cereal crops could be an efficient way when making haylage in terms of protein content and fermentation quality. Ray can used as fresh and silage, because difficulty for pre-wilting time in Korea. Whole crop barley, oats, triticale, wheat can be used haylage when harvested yellow ripen stage and pre-wilting time for 8~24 hours.