• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2017

본 연구는 사료용 옥수수의 내습성 검정을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 자식 6계통을 3엽기에 30일간 습해 처리 후 옥수수의 생육 특성 및 수량 변화를 구명하고자 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 중부작물부 시험포장(온실)에서 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 습해 처리 시 모든 자식 계통이 무처리에 비하여 초장, 완전전개엽수 및 엽색도(SPAD)는 모든 계통에서 유의적으로 감소하였으며 엽색도는 KS140 계통이 높았고 KS141 계통이 낮았다. 2. 지상부와 뿌리의 건물중은 습해처리 후 모든 계통이 유의적으로 감소하였으며 자식 계통들 간에는 KS140이 가장 많았고 KS163이 가장 적었다. 부정근의 건물중은 무처리와 유의적 차이는 없었으나 KS140 계통에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 3. 수확기 옥수수의 이삭길이와 두께 및 착립이삭길이, 개체당 종실수 모두 무처리에 비하여 유의적으로 감소하였다. 무처리에 비하여 이삭 길이와 두께는 KS141 계통이 착립 이삭길와 개체당 종실수에서는 KS164 계통이 가장 적게 감소하였다. 4. 옥수수 수량은 무처리에 비하여 습해 처리한 모든 계통에서 유의적으로 감소하였으나 습해 처리 계통들 간에는 KS164 계통만 유의적으로 수량이 높아 내습성인 것으로 판단하였다. 5. 옥수수 유묘기 30일간 습해처리시 초장, 엽색도(SPAD값), 완전전개엽수가 옥수수 수량과 상관이 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1564-1568
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• 2005

The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of n-alkanes to estimate DM intake and digestibility by beef cattle. Six steers were blocked (3 blocks, 2 animals/block) according to the body weight (279${\pm}$19 kg) and randomly allotted within blocks to two diets (3 steers/diet). A second trial was conducted with the same animals (321${\pm}$18 kg) after 36 days (d), using a switch back design. The diets consisted of two types of chopped sun-cured hay, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) hay, or fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and alfalfa mixture, which were fed in equal amounts to steers. Animals were dosed with $C_{32}$ and $C_{36}$ alkanes, employing an intra-ruminal controlled-release device at the beginning of each trial. Hay intake per animal was measured from d 6 to 12 and sub samples were taken for chemical analysis. Rectal samples of feces were taken from each animal once/daily from d 8 to 14, freeze dried, and ground prior to alkane analysis. Alkanes were extracted from ground hay and feces. Feed intake was calculated from the dose rate of $C_{32}$ alkane and, the herbage and fecal concentrations of adjacent odd ($C_{33}$ or $C_{31}$) and even ($C_{32}$) chain length alkanes. Crude Protein, NDF, ADF, ash concentrations and In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were 17.7, 42.2, 28.4, 7.9 and 71.7 for alfalfa, and 12.4, 56.5, 30.4, 6.9 and 69.1% for fescue/alfalfa mixture, respectively. For both diets, intake estimated from $C_{33}$:$C_{32}$ ratio was not different from the measured intake, but intake estimated from $C_{31}$:$C_{32}$ ratio was lower (p<0.05), than the measured intake for both diets. The average estimated forage intake from $C_{33}$:$C_{32}$ ratio was 4.86 and 0.69% below than the measured intake for alfalfa and, fescue/alfalfa mixed diets, respectively. The respective estimates with $C_{31}$:$C_{32}$ ratio were 9.59 and 11.33% below than the measured intake. According to these results, alkane $C_{33}$:$C_{32}$ ratio is better than alkane $C_{31}$:$C_{32}$ ratio for the estimation of intake by beef steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.338-345
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimal inclusion ratio of spray dried plasma protein (SDPP) and dried porcine solubles (DPS) for maximizing growth and improving immunity in weaned pigs. One hundred-fifty male (barrow) pigs were allotted in a completely randomized block design. Treatments were as follows: 1) control (6% SDPP), 2) S6D6 (6% SDPP+6% DPS), 3) S6D3 (6% SDPP+3% DPS), 4) S3D6 (3% SDPP+6% DPS) and 5) S3D3 (3% SDPP+3% DPS). Each treatment has 6 replicates with 5 pigs per replicate. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were highest, but not significantly different when pigs were fed a diet contained 6% SDPP and DPS from d 0 to 7 after weaning. Pigs fed the S6D3 diet showed better weight gain and feed intake than other treatments, especially compared with pigs fed S3D6 diet (p<0.05) from d 8 to 21 after weaning. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed the S6D3 diet showed the best improvement in ADG and ADFI. The digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were higher in pigs fed the S6D6 diet than other diets from d 0 to 7 after weaning. However, pigs fed S6D3 diet showed higher DM, CP and essential amino acids (except methionine and arginine) digestibilities than pigs fed other diets from d 8 to 21 after weaning, although there was no significant difference. From d 8 to 21 after weaning, threonine, valine, isoleucine and leucine digestibilites were higher in S6D6 group, and phenyalanine, histidine, lysine and arginine digestibility were higher in S6D3 group than other groups. The ratio of CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocytes during the overall experimental period was independent of the ratio of SDPP and DPS. However, CD4+:CD8+ ratio was numerically lowered in pigs fed diet the S6D3 diet. Therefore, the present study suggests that an optimal inclusion ratio for maximizing growth performance and maintaining low immune status is 6% of SDPP and 3% of DPS in weaned pigs.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내 실정에 맞는 적정 TDN/CP 비율을 결정하기 위하여 4.6:1(T1)과 4.3:1(T2)의 비율로 생후 13개월령 육성우에게 급여하여 영양소 섭취량, 소화율, 반추 위액 특성 및 혈액조성에 대하여 조사하였다. 건물 섭취량은 9.0kg/day로 동일하였으며, 조단백질 섭취량은 T1이 1.34kg/day, T2가 1.45kg/day로 T2가 조금 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 섬유소 섭취량과 소화율은 T1이 조금 높은 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료 섭취 후 4시간째 위액의 pH, ammonia-N, VFA 농도를 비교한 결과 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 전반적인 VFA 수치는 TDN/CP 비율에 따라 큰 영향이 없었으나 T1 처리구에서 iso-butyrate, iso-valerate 및 A/P ratio가 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈액 특성에는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. TDN/CP 비율이 4.3:1과 4.6:1 수준은 반추위 특성에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 소화율과 비교하였을 때 생후 13개월령 육성우 시기에는 섬유소 섭취량과 소화율이 증가되는 4.6:1 수준이 보다 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1547-1551
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• 2011

Bakery waste (BW) is much cheaper than barley (20 to 40% the price of barley). Bakery waste and barley grain have similar chemical composition; they contain 99 and 97% organic matter (OM), 1.1 and 1.8% fat, 18 and 15% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 14.0 and 14.5% crude protein (CP), respectively (DM basis). The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of substituting BW for barley grain in high concentrate fattening diets for lambs on nutrient intake, growth and carcass characteristics. Forty Awassi lambs (21.75${\pm}$1 kg) weaned at the age of 65 days were assigned randomly to four experimental fattening diets differing in BW ratio in a completely randomized design. The control diet (CON) contained 20, 60, 11, 7, and 2% (DM basis) wheat straw, barley grain, soybean meal, corn grain, and minerals and vitamin mix, respectively. Bakery waste substituted barley grain by 10, 20 and 30% of the diet DM in the LBW, MBW and HBW diets, respectively. The experiment lasted for 56 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) decreased (p<0.05) in LBW diet compared to the CON diet by approximately 10%. No further reduction in DMI was observed with the higher substitution levels. Metabolizable energy intake for the CON diet (3.6 Mcal/d) was also reduced (p<0.05) compared with LBW, MBW and HBW diets (3.4, 3.4 and 3.3 Mcal/d, respectively). Final body weight for lambs fed the CON diet (34.8 kg) was higher (p<0.05) compared with lambs fed the LBW, MBW and HBW diets (30.6, 32.0 and 31.1 kg, respectively). Growth rate for lambs fed the CON diet (232 g/d) was also higher (p<0.05) compared to lambs fed the LBW, MBW and HBW diets (170, 189, and 167 g/d, respectively). Feed to gain ratio was higher (p<0.05) for lambs fed the LBW, MBW and HBW diets (7.2, 6.6 and 7.3, respectively) compared with lambs that consumed the CON diet (5.7). Body weight gain cost was reduced by approximately 8% by the MBW and HBW diets as compared with the CON diet. Dressing percentage, full gut weight, empty gut weight and liver weights were all unaffected by the BW addition to the diets and averaged 48.9%, 6.8 kg, 2.8 kg and 0.444 kg, respectively. However, fat tail weight was increased (p<0.05) with the higher levels of the BW inclusion. In conclusion, substituting BW for barley grain reduced DMI and growth performance. However, when BW substituted barley grain at the 20 and 30% of the diet DM, body weight gain cost was reduced by approximately 8%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.797-803
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of nitrogen supplementation associated with different levels of starch on voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage (Brachiaria decumbens hay, 7.4% crude protein, CP) were evaluated using ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers. Methods: Five European${\times}$Zebu young bulls (186 kg body weight, BW) were distributed according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square. The following treatments were evaluated: control, supplementation with 300 g CP/d (0:1), supplementation with 300 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (1:1), supplementation with 600 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (2:1), and supplementation with 900 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (3:1). A mixture of nitrogenous compounds provided 1/3 from true protein (casein) and 2/3 from non-protein nitrogen (mixture of urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) was used as the nitrogen supplement. In order to supply energy a unique source of corn starch was used. Results: Supplements increased (p<0.05) dry matter intake, but did not affect (p>0.05) forage intake. There was a cubic effect (p<0.05) of starch on voluntary intake. This was attributed to the highest forage intake (g/kg BW) when using the 2:1 starch:CP ratio. Supplements increased (p<0.05) organic matter (OM) digestibility, but did not affect (p>0.05) neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) digestibility. There was a positive linear effect (p<0.05) of the amount of starch supplemented on OM digestibility. Total NDFap digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by the amount of supplemental starch. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in supplemented animals, however, a negative linear effect (p<0.05) of amount of starch was observed. Supplements increased (p<0.05) the nitrogen balance (NB) and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. These effects were attributed to increased body anabolism, supported by higher (p<0.05) serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1. Increasing the amount of starch tended (p<0.06) to linearly increase the NB. In spite of this, there was a highest NB value for the 2:1 starch:CP ratio amongst the treatments with supplementation. Conclusion: Nitrogen supplementation in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage increases nitrogen retention in the animal's body. An additional supply of starch increases nitrogen retention by increasing energy availability for both rumen and animal metabolism.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) on in vitro rumen fermentation at various dose levels of 0 (T₁), 100 (T₂), 200 (T₃), and 300 (T₄) ppb in a wheat straw-based buffalo diet. The results show that the truly degradable dry matter, truly degradable organic matter, gas production, microbial biomass production and partitioning factor values in the control group (T₁) were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and butyrate values in the control group (T₁) were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The partitioning factor value in the control group (T₁) was higher (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The partitioning factor values of the T₂ and T₃ groups were higher (p < 0.05) than that of the T₄ group. There was no significant variation in the partitioning factor value between the T₂ and T₃ group. The acetate : propionate (A : P) ratio in the control group (T₁) was lower (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The A : P ratio in the T₂ group was lower (p < 0.05) than those of the T₃ and T₄ groups. It was concluded that different levels of AFB₁ contamination in feed significantly affect the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Thus, these findings could help to determine the influences of AFB₁ in a wheat straw-based buffalo diet. Additionally, it is necessary to manage AFB₁ contamination in ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.781-790
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• 2011

The effects of seedtime and maturity stage on nutritive value of five maize stover varieties, including conventional maize (Kexiangyu 11, CM), fodder maize (Huqing 1, FM), high oil maize (Gaoyou 115, HOM), sweet maize (Kexiangtianyu 1, SM) and waxy maize (Kexiangluoyu 1, WM), were examined based on chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in situ incubation techniques. Maize stover was sampled at d 17 and d 30 after tasseling, and designated as maturity stage 1 and stage 2, respectively. The average dry matter (DM) organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and fiber contents were the greatest for HOM, SM and FM, respectively. CM had the highest in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. The highest ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration in the incubation solution, and effective degradability of DM ($ED_{DM}$) and neutral detergent fiber ($ED_{NDF}$) were observed in SM. Advanced maturity stage increased (p<0.05) DM content, $ED_{DM}$ and $ED_{NDF}$, but decreased (p<0.05) OM and CP contents, and decreased (p<0.05) b and a+b values, IVOMD and molar proportion of valerate in the incubation solution for maize stover. Maize sown in summer had greater (p<0.05) OM content, but lower DM, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content compared with maize sown in spring. Maize sown in summer had greater (p<0.001) IVOMD, $NH_3$-N concentration in the incubation solution and $ED_{NDF}$, but lower (p<0.01) ratio of acetate to propionate compared to maize sown in spring. The interaction effect of variety${\times}$seedtime was observed running through almost all chemical composition, in vitro gas production parameters and in situ DM and NDF degradability. The overall results suggested that SM had the highest nutrient quality, and also indicated the possibility of selecting maize variety and seedtime for the utilization of maize stover in ruminants.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.858-863
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• 2010

블루베리는 유기물 함량이 높고 물리성이 양호한 산성토양에서 안정적인 생육을 기대할 수 있다. 그러나 국내 작물 재배토양은 배수가 불량하고 유기물 함량이 낮은 알칼리 토양이 대부분이다. 따라서 블루베리 재배 농가들은 적합한 토양으로 개량하기 위하여 피트모스에 크게 의존하고 있으나, 작물생육과 경제성이 고려된 혼합비율의 정보가 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 경제성과 안정생육을 고려한 적정 피트모스 혼합비율 구명과 이와 비슷한 물리 화학적 특성을 가진 톱밥과 코코피트의 적용 가능성을 검토하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 유기자재는 피트모스, 코코피트 그리고 신선한 톱밥이며, 각각의 유기자재는 토양에 부피비율로 0%, 12.5%, 50% 그리고 100%로 혼합하여 처리하였다. 시험 후 유기자재별 혼합비율에 따른 토양 pH는 피트모스와 톱밥이 각각 100%인 처리구가 3.67과 3.73으로 가장 낮았으며, 피트모스 50% 혼합구가 5.30으로 뒤를 이었다. 유기물 함량은 모든 자재가 혼합비율과 같은 경향을 나타냈으며, 이와 같은 경향은 코코피트 혼합구의 치환성 칼리 함량에서도 동일하였다. 그러나 유효인산과 치환성 칼슘과 마그네슘 함량은 혼합비율이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향이었다. 처리별 엽중 질소함량은 피트모스와 코코피트 처리에서 혼합비율이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 톱밥 처리는 혼합비율에 따른 경향이 나타나지 않았다. 인산 함량은 톱밥과 코코피트 처리에서 혼합비율이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으나, 칼리 함량은 증가하는 경향이었고, 칼슘과 마그네슘 함량은 유기자재간 혼합비율간 차이가 없었다. 유기자재별 혼합비율에 따른 블루베리의 초장, 경경, 건물중 등의 생육은 피트모스 50%> 피트모스 12.5%> 코코피트 12.5% 순 이었으며, 피트모스 100% 처리구의 생육은 매우 저조하였다. 따라서 블루베리의 토양환경 개선과 우량한 생육을 위한 토양 개선자재로서는 피트모스가 가장 효과적이었음을 확인하였으며, 경제성을 고려한 혼합 비율은 25-50% 범위가 타당하다 보겠다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.299-305
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• 1987

폴리에틸렌필름(P.E) 피복(被覆)이 토양(土壤)의 지온(地溫), 수분(水分), 삼상분포(三相分布), 비료(肥料)의 경시(經時) 변화(變化)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 토양온도(土壤溫度) : 최고(最高), 최저온도(最低溫度) 모두 투명(透明)P.E피복(被覆) > 흑색(黑色)P.E피복(被覆) > 노지(露地)의 순(順)으로 높았고, 투명(透明)과 흑색(黑色)의 P.E피복구(被覆區) 사이의 온도차(溫度差)는 $2{\sim}4^{\circ}C$, 투명(透明)P.E피복(被覆)과 노지구(露地區)사이에는 $6{\sim}^{\circ}C$였다. 피복유무(被覆有無)에 따른 지온차(地溫差)는 최저온도(最低溫度)에서보다 최고온도(最高溫度)에서 흐린 날 또는 강우시(降雨時)보다 청천일(晴天日)에서가 차(差)가 컸다. 2) 토양수분(土壤水分) : 건조기(乾燥期)에 있어서 수분함량(水分含量)은 흑색(黑色)P.E > 투명(透明)P.E의 피복(被覆) > 노지(露地)의 순위(順位)로 높았으며, P.E피복구(被覆區)와 무피복구(無被覆區) 사이에는 5% 내외(內外)의 수분(水分) 함량차(含量差)를 나타냈다. 그러나, 우기(雨期)에는 P.E피복구(被覆區)보다 노지구(露地區)의 수분함량(水分含量)이 7~8% 높았으나 P.E필름종류간(種類間)에는 거의 차이(差異)가 없었다. 3) 토양삼상분포(壤三相分布) : 건조기(乾操期)에는 평균(平均) 액상비(液相比)가 노지구(露地區)에서보다 P.E피복구(被覆區)에서 3~4% 높았고, 기상비氣相比)는 P.E피복구(被覆區)보다 노지구(露地區)에서 높았다. 우기(雨期)에 있어서는 반대(反對)로 노지구(露地區)에서보다 P.E피복구(被覆區)에서 기상비(氣相比)가 7~8% 적었고, 기상비(氣相比)는 노지구(露地區)보다 P.E피복구(被覆區)에서 컸다. 4) 토양중(土壤中) 비료성분(肥料成分)의 변화(変化) : 퇴비(堆肥)와 복비(複肥)를 시용(施用)한 고추포장(圃場)에서 유기물함량(有機物含量)은 시용(施用) 58일(日)까지는 흑색(黑色)P.E > 투명(透明)P.E의 피복(被覆) > 노지구(露地區)의 순(順)으로 높았으나 그 후(後)에는 차(差)가 좁혀졌다. 복비((複肥)만 시용(施用)한 땅콩포장(圃場)에서 유기물함량(有機物含量)은 시용(施用) 30일(日) 후(後)까지는 노지구(露地區)에서가 투명(透明) P.E피복구(被覆區)에서보다 약간(若千) 높은 경향(傾向)을 보였으나, 그 후(後)부터는 차(差)가 없었다 고추포장(圃場)에 있어서 질소함량(窒素含量)은 건조기간(乾燥期間) 중(中)에는 P.E피복유무간(被覆有無間)에 근소(僅少)한 차(差)를 보였으나 시비(施肥) 86 일(日) 후(後)인 우기(雨期)에는 피복구(被覆區)보다 노지구(露地區)에서 그 함량(含量)이 급속(急速)히 감소(減少)되었다. 땅콩포장(圃場)에 있어서 질소함량(窒素含量)은 피복(被覆) 유무간(有無間)에 거의 차이(差異)가 없었으며, 시비(施肥) 36 일(日) 후(後)까지는 서서히 그 양(量)이 감소(減少)하였으나, 58 일(日) 이후(以後)부터는 급감(急減)하였다. 땅콩과 고추의 잎 중(中) 질소함량(窒素含量)은 P.E피복구(被覆區)가 노지구(露地區)보다 뚜렷이 높았다.